------------------------------------------------------------------- ========================================================= Geant4 - an Object-Oriented Toolkit for Simulation in HEP ========================================================= eROSITA fluorescence -------------------- Authors: Dieter Schlosser (pnSensor, Munich), Georg Weidenspointner (MPE Garching and MPI Halbleiterlabor, Munich), Maria Grazia Pia (INFN Genova) Main references: M.G. Pia et al., 2009, "PIXE Simulation With Geant4", IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 3614-3649 N. Meidinger et al., 2010, "Development of the focal plane PNCCD camera system for the X-ray space telescope eROSITA", Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 624, 321-329 Web site: http://www.ge.infn.it/geant4/physics/pixe/erosita.html Contact persons: Dieter Schlosser : dis@hll.mpg.de Georg Weidenspointner: ggw@hll.mpg.de Maria Grazia Pia : Maria.Grazia.Pia@cern.ch ---- OVERVIEW ---- This example demonstrates: - the generation of XRF and PIXE, - how to use different physics processes from those encompassed in the Geant4 toolkit in a simulation application. The examples/advanced/eRosita/application directory contains files pertinent to the experimental simulation model. The examples/advanced/eRosita/physics directory contains the original Geant4 low energy physics processes for electron and photon interactions based on the EEDL/EPDL/EADL data libraries (along with their complementary files), that are actively used in several experimental applications (http://indico.cern.ch/contributionListDisplay.pi?confId=159659). The physics capabilities and validation of the physics processes used in this example are documented in the PHYSICS REFERENCES section below. ---- EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION ---- This is example is based on simulations of the instrumental background of the eROSITA X-ray telescope, in particular the strength of fluorescence lines inside the passive graded Z shield. The set-up considered in this example consists of a Cu block that is irradiated with protons. Impact ionization of Cu atoms generates vacancies in atomic shells. These are then filled by atomic de-excitation, resulting in the emission of fluorescence photons and Auger electrons - the PIXE (particle induced X-ray emission) process. In particular fluorescence photons are then detected with a Si CCD positioned next to the Cu block. The simulated set-up is defined in eRositaDetectorConstruction. The Cu block is located at position x = y = z = 0 cm. Its dimensions in x, y, and z are 0.5 cm * 0.5 cm * 3 cm. The CCD, represented by a slab of Si, is positioned at x = z = 0 cm and y = 2 cm. The CCD dimensions in x, y, z and are 4 cm * 450 mu_m * 4 cm. The vertex and initial momenta of the protons are defined in eRositaPrimaryGeneratorAction. The vertex is at x = 0 cm, y = 2.25 cm, and z = 4 cm. The initial direction of the protons is given by the vector (0.0, -0.5, -1.0). The initial kinetic energy of the protons is 150 MeV. The physics processes relevant to this simulation are defined in eRositaPhysicsList. The key process for generation of PIXE is G4hImpactIonisation. In the example, proton cross sections based on the ECPSSR model are used. Cross sections are computed for an energy range from 1 keV to 200 MeV. The energy thresholds for the production of fluorescence photons and Auger electrons by PIXE are set to a value of 250 eV. The output of the example is an ASCII file named TrackerPhotonEnergy.out. It contains the energy, in MeV, of every photon that finds its way to the tracker (or which is created as a secondary inside the tracker). If the batch mode example is run, the entries 0.00798467, 0.00800571, and 0.00886534 correspond to Cu fluorescence lines K_alpha2, K_alpha1, and K_beta1, respectively. Other photons originate e.g. from bremsstrahlung of delta rays in Cu. A histogram of the energies in TrackerPhotonEnergy.out, in particular if generated for more protons, clearly shows the PIXE photons from Cu on top of a continuous distribution. Instructions on how to build and run the example: - To compile the example: % cd eRosita % gmake If the environment variable G4WORKDIR and has been defined, an executable named eRosita will be generated in $G4WORKDIR/bin/$G4SYSTEM - To run the example: Do not forget to define the G4PIIDATA environment variable as appropriate to get access to the PIXE data library (e.g. G4PII1.1) + To run without visualisation (batch mode): Go to $G4WORKDIR/bin/$G4SYSTEM Copy the file eRosita/eRosita.in to this directory. The input file eRosita.in defines a simulation with 1000 protons of energy 100 MeV. Start the simulation with: eRosita eRosita.in > eRosita.out The resulting files eRosita.out and the ASCII output file TrackerPhotonEnergy.out are included in the example. Format and content of the output file are described below. + To run with visualisation: Go to $G4WORKDIR/bin/$G4SYSTEM Copy eRosita/vis.mac to to this directory. The macro file vis.mac calls the DAWN visualization driver to display the simulation of 100 protons with energy 100 MeV. An ASCII output file TrackerPhotonEnergy.out is created. However, this file may be empty in case the first 100 protons do not produce any fluorescence photons that reach the tracker. ---- HOW TO INCLUDE ALTERNATIVE PHYSICS PROCESSES IN A REGULAR GEANT4 BUILD ---- Users wishing the convenience of including the physics processes encompassed in the example in a regularly built Geant4 library may consider the following workaround: *** prior to compiling the local Geant4 installation *** - copy the content of eRosita/physics/include/ and eRosita/physics/src/ to /source/processes/electromagnetic/pii/include/ and /source/processes/electromagnetic/pii/src/ - replace /source/processes/electromagnetic/pii/GNUmakefile with eRosita/physics/GNUmakefile - compile the local Geant4 installation as usual (according to the instructions in Geant4 User Documentation) cp $G4INSTALL/examples/advanced/eRosita/physics/include/*.* $G4INSTALL/source/processes/electromagnetic/pii/include/. cp $G4INSTALL/examples/advanced/eRosita/physics/src/*.* $G4INSTALL/source/processes/electromagnetic/pii/src/. cp $G4INSTALL/examples/advanced/eRosita/physics/GNUmakefile $G4INSTALL/source/processes/electromagnetic/pii/. [then compile Geant4 as described in Geant4 User Documentation] If one wishes to perform the above operation after having already compiled Geant4, it is recommended to first remove the result of the existing compilation (by issuing "gmake clean" in $G4INSTALL/source/); then one can proceed with the above instructions. Do not forget to delete the content of $G4INSTALL/examples/advanced/eRosita/physics/include/ and $G4INSTALL/examples/advanced/eRosita/physics/src/, if you wish to exercise the eRosita example after moving the physics files to the pii package. ---- PHYSICS REFERENCES ---- M.G. Pia et al., PIXE Simulation With Geant4, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 3614-3649, 2009. A. Lechner, M.G. Pia, M. Sudhakar, Validation of Geant4 low energy electromagnetic processes against precision measurements of electron energy deposit, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 398-416, 2009. K. Amako et al., Comparison of Geant4 electromagnetic physics models against the NIST reference data, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 910-918, 2005. S. Guatelli, A. Mantero, B. Mascialino, P. Nieminen, M. G. Pia, Geant4 Atomic Relaxation, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 585-593, 2007. M.G. Pia, P. Saracco, M. Sudhakar, Validation of radiative transition probability calculations, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 3650-3661, 2009. S. Guatelli, A. Mantero, B. Mascialino, P. Nieminen, M. G. Pia, V. Zampichelli, Validation of Geant4 Atomic Relaxation against the NIST Physical Reference Data, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 594-603, 2007. L. Peralta et al., A new low-energy bremsstrahlung generator for GEANT4, Radiat. Prot. Dosim., vol. 116, no. 1-4, pp. 59-64, 2005. F. Longo et al., New Geant4 Developments for Doppler Broadening Simulation in Compton Scattering - Development of Charge Transfer Simulation Models in Geant4, Proc. IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium, Dresden, 2008. S. Chauvie et al., Validation of the Bremsstrahlung Models of Geant4, Proc. IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium, 2006. S. Chauvie et al., Geant4 Low Energy Electromagnetic Physics, The Monte Carlo Method: Versatility Unbounded in a Dynamic Computing World, American Nucl. Soc., LaGrange Park, IL, 2005. S. Chauvie et al., Geant4 low energy electromagnetic physics, Proc.Nuclear Science Symposium, 2004. S. Chauvie et al., Geant4 Low Energy Electromagnetic Physics, Proc. CHEP 2001. J. Apostolakis, S. Giani, M. Maire, P. Nieminen, M.G. Pia, L. Urban, Geant4 low energy electromagnetic models for electrons and photons CERN-OPEN-99-034 and INFN/AE-99/18, 1999. Further references are listed in http://www.ge.infn.it/geant4/papers/, that also documents recent developments intended for future improvements to Geant4, and their validation.