pp_psc_delta - Point process neuron with leaky integration of
delta-shaped PSCs.
pp_psc_delta is an implementation of a leaky integrator, where the potential
jumps on each spike arrival. It produces spike stochastically, and supports
spike-frequency adaptation, and other optional features.
Spikes are generated randomly according to the current value of the
transfer function which operates on the membrane potential. Spike
generation is followed by an optional dead time. Setting with_reset to
true will reset the membrane potential after each spike.
The transfer function can be chosen to be linear, exponential or a sum of
both by adjusting three parameters:
@f[ rate = Rect[ c_1 * V' + c_2 * \exp(c_3 * V') ], @f]
where the effective potential \f$ V' = V_m - E_{sfa} \f$ and \f$ E_{sfa} \f$
is called the adaptive threshold. Here Rect means rectifier:
\f$ Rect(x) = {x \text{ if } x>=0, 0 \text{ else}} \f$ (this is necessary because
negative rates are not possible).
By setting c_3 = 0, c_2 can be used as an offset spike rate for an otherwise
linear rate model.
The dead time enables to include refractoriness. If dead time is 0, the
number of spikes in one time step might exceed one and is drawn from the
Poisson distribution accordingly. Otherwise, the probability for a spike
is given by \f$ 1 - \exp(-rate*h) \f$, where h is the simulation time step. If
dead_time is smaller than the simulation resolution (time step), it is
internally set to the resolution.
Note that, even if non-refractory neurons are to be modeled, a small value
of dead_time, like dead_time=1e-8, might be the value of choice since it
uses faster uniform random numbers than dead_time=0, which draws Poisson
numbers. Only for very large spike rates (> 1 spike/time_step) this will
cause errors.
The model can optionally include an adaptive firing threshold.
If the neuron spikes, the threshold increases and the membrane potential
will take longer to reach it.
Here this is implemented by subtracting the value of the adaptive threshold
E_sfa from the membrane potential V_m before passing the potential to the
transfer function, see also above. E_sfa jumps by q_sfa when the neuron
fires a spike, and decays exponentially with the time constant tau_sfa
after (see [2] or [3]). Thus, the E_sfa corresponds to the convolution of the
neuron's spike train with an exponential kernel.
This adaptation kernel may also be chosen as the sum of n exponential
kernels. To use this feature, q_sfa and tau_sfa have to be given as a list
of n values each.
The firing of pp_psc_delta is usually not a renewal process. For example,
its firing may depend on its past spikes if it has non-zero adaptation terms
(q_sfa). But if so, it will depend on all its previous spikes, not just the
last one -- so it is not a renewal process model. However, if "with_reset"
is True, and all adaptation terms (q_sfa) are 0, then it will reset
("forget") its membrane potential each time a spike is emitted, which makes
it a renewal process model (where "rate" above is its hazard function,
also known as conditional intensity).
pp_psc_delta may also be called a spike-response model with escape-noise [6]
(for vanishing, non-random dead_time). If c_1>0 and c_2==0, the rate is a
convolution of the inputs with exponential filters -- which is a model known
as a Hawkes point process (see [4]). If instead c_1==0, then pp_psc_delta is
a point process generalized linear model (with the canonical link function,
and exponential input filters) (see [5,6]).
This model has been adapted from iaf_psc_delta. The default parameters are
set to the mean values given in [2], which have been matched to spike-train
recordings. Due to the many features of pp_psc_delta and its versatility,
parameters should be set carefully and conciously.
The following parameters can be set in the status dictionary.
\verbatim embed:rst
================= ======= ===================================================
V_m mV Membrane potential
C_m pF Capacitance of the membrane
tau_m ms Membrane time constant
q_sfa mV Adaptive threshold jump
tau_sfa ms Adaptive threshold time constant
dead_time ms Duration of the dead time
dead_time_random boolean Should a random dead time be drawn after each
spike?
dead_time_shape integer Shape parameter of dead time gamma distribution
t_ref_remaining ms Remaining dead time at simulation start
with_reset boolean Should the membrane potential be reset after a
spike?
I_e pA Constant input current
c_1 Hz/mV Slope of linear part of transfer function in
Hz/mV
c_2 Hz Prefactor of exponential part of transfer function
c_3 1/mV Coefficient of exponential non-linearity of
transfer function
================= ======= ===================================================
\endverbatim
SpikeEvent, CurrentEvent, DataLoggingRequest
SpikeEvent
\verbatim embed:rst
.. [1] Cardanobile S, Rotter S (2010). Multiplicatively interacting point
processes and applications to neural modeling. Journal of
Computational Neuroscience 28(2):267-284
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10827-009-0204-0
.. [2] Jolivet R, Rauch A, Luescher H-R, Gerstner W. (2006). Predicting spike
timing of neocortical pyramidal neurons by simple threshold models.
Journal of Computational Neuroscience 21:35-49.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10827-006-7074-5
.. [3] Pozzorini C, Naud R, Mensi S, Gerstner W (2013). Temporal whitening by
power-law adaptation in neocortical neurons. Nature Neuroscience
16:942-948. (Uses a similar model of multi-timescale adaptation)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3431
.. [4] Grytskyy D, Tetzlaff T, Diesmann M, Helias M (2013). A unified view
on weakly correlated recurrent networks. Frontiers in Computational
Neuroscience, 7:131.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fncom.2013.00131
.. [5] Deger M, Schwalger T, Naud R, Gerstner W (2014). Fluctuations and
information filtering in coupled populations of spiking neurons with
adaptation. Physical Review E 90:6, 062704.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.90.062704
.. [6] Gerstner W, Kistler WM, Naud R, Paninski L (2014). Neuronal Dynamics:
From single neurons to networks and models of cognition.
Cambridge University Press
\endverbatim
July 2009, Deger, Helias; January 2011, Zaytsev; May 2014, Setareh
/var/www/debian/nest/nest-simulator-2.20.0/models/pp_psc_delta.h