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              grep rough audit - static analysis tool
                  v2.8 written by @Wireghoul
=================================[justanotherhacker.com]===
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-98-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:99:Self-styled commoners can now be found in dozens of nations around the world. They are locally rooted but internationally aware citizens of the Internet. They don’t just tolerate diversity (ethnic, cultural, aesthetic, intellectual), they celebrate it. Although commoners may have their personal affinities — free software, open-access publishing, remix music, or countless others — they tend to see themselves as part of a larger movement. They share an enthusiasm for innovation and change that burbles up from the bottom, and are known to roll their eyes at the thick-headedness of the mainstream media, which always seem to be a few steps behind.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-100-={ free software }
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-148-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:149:The commoners differ from most of their corporate brethren in their enthusiasm for sharing. They prefer to freely distribute their writing, music, and videos. As a general rule, they don’t like to encase their work in airtight bubbles of property rights reinforced by technological locks. They envision cyberspace more as a peaceable, sociable kingdom than as a take-no-prisoners market. They honor the individual while respecting community norms. They are enthusiastic about sharing while respecting the utility of markets. Idealistic yet pragmatic, they share a commitment to open platforms, social cooperation, and elemental human freedoms.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-150-={ commoners :
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-1253-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:1254:Since Lessig looms so large in this story, it is worth pausing to understand his roots. Raised by culturally conservative, rock-ribbed Republican parents in central Pennsylvania, Lessig was a bright kid with a deep enthusiasm for politics. “I grew up a right-wing lunatic Republican,” Lessig told journalist Steven Levy, noting that he once belonged to the National Teen Age Republicans, ran a candidate’s unsuccessful campaign for the Pennsylvania state senate, and attended the 1980 Republican National Convention, which nominated Ronald Reagan for president. Larry’s father, Jack, was an engineer who once built Minuteman missile silos in South Dakota (where Lessig was born in 1961), and who later bought a steelfabrication company in Williamsport, Pennsylvania.~{ Wikipedia entry, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lessig; Levy, “Lawrence Lessig’s Supreme Showdown.” }~
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-1255-={ Lessig, Lawrence :
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-2182-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:2183:“It was never really clear to me what was going to happen after we launched the licenses,” recalled Glenn Otis Brown. “Would our work be done?” The intense push to craft the licenses and release them now over, Brown and his colleagues were only too happy to ease up in their work. (Van Houweling had left in 2002 to teach law; she is now at the University of California at Berkeley.) Despite his enthusiasm for the licenses, Brown had his private doubts about their future success. “To be honest, I was pretty scared,” he said. “I was worried they were going to go nowhere, and that I was going to be blamed for that.”~{ Interview with Glenn Otis Brown, August 10, 2006. }~
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-2184-={ Brown, Glenn Otis :
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-2488-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:2489:The Web 2.0 environment was quite hospitable for the spread of the CC licenses. It enabled people to signal their willingness to share and their enthusiasm for cool niche fare as opposed to massaudience kitsch.Members of online communities could confidently share their work on wikis and collaborative Web sites, knowing that no one could appropriate their content and take it private. Socially, the licenses let people announce their social identity to others and build a countercultural ethos of sharing. The ethos became hipper and more attractive with every new antipiracy measure that Centralized Media instigated.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-2490-={ Web 2.0 :
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-3462-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:3463:Although most international commoners seem to be culturally progressive and politically engaged, they cannot be situated along a left-right ideological spectrum. This is because commoners tend to be more pragmatic and improvisational than ideological. They are focused on building specific projects to facilitate sharing and creativity, based on open-source principles. Their enthusiasm is for cool software, effective legal interventions, and activist innovations, not sectarian debate.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-3464-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-3758-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:3759:A more penetrating brand of criticism has come from the South, which fears that the West’s newfound enthusiasm for the commons may not necessarily benefit the people of developing nations; indeed, it could simply legitimate new thefts of their shared resources. In an important 2004 law review article, “The Romance of the Public Domain,” law professors Anupam Chander and Madhavi Sunder argue that “public domain advocates seem to accept that because a resource is open to all by force of law, that resource will indeed be exploited by all. In practice, however, differing circumstances — including knowledge, wealth, power and ability — render some better able than others to exploit a commons. We describe this popular scholarly conception of the commons as ‘romantic.’ . . . It is celebratory, even euphoric, about the emancipatory potential of the commons. But it is also naïve, idealistic and removed from reality.”~{ Anupam Chander and Madhavi Sunder, “The Romance of the Public Domain,” California Law Review 92, no. 1131 (2004), p. 1341. }~
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-3760-={ Chander, Anupam +2 ;
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-897-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:898:Geeks love allegories about the Protestant Reformation; they relish stories of Luther and Calvin, of property and iconoclasm, of reformation ,{[pg 67]}, over revolution. Allegories of Protestant revolt allow geeks to make sense of the relationship between the state (the monarchy), large corporations (the Catholic Church), the small start-ups, individual programmers, and adepts among whom they spend most of their time (Protestant reformers), and the laity (known as "lusers" and "sheeple"). It gives them a way to assert that they prefer reformation (to save capitalism from the capitalists) over revolution. Obviously, not all geeks tell stories of "religious wars" and the Protestant Reformation, but these images reappear often enough in conversations that most geeks will more or less instantly recognize them as a way of making sense of modern corporate, state, and political power in the arena of information technology: the figures of Pope, the Catholic Church, the Vatican, the monarchs of various nations, the laity, the rebel adepts like Luther and Calvin, as well as models of sectarianism, iconoclasm ("In the beginning was the Command Line"), politicoreligious power, and arcane theological argumentation.~{ Stephenson, In the Beginning Was the Command Line. }~ The allegories that unfold provide geeks a way to make sense of a similarly complex modern situation in which it is not the Church and the State that struggle, but the Corporation and the State; and what geeks struggle over are not matters of church doctrine and organization, but matters of information technology and its organization as intellectual property and economic motor. I stress here that this is not an analogy that I myself am making (though I happily make use of it), but is one that is in wide circulation among the geeks I study. To the historian or religious critic, it may seem incomplete, or absurd, or bizarre, but it still serves a specific function, and this is why I highlight it as one component of the practical and technical ideas of order that geeks share.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-899-={ Intellectual property ;
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-1552-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:1553:The movement, as a practice of discussion and argument, is made up of stories. It is a practice of storytelling: affect- and intellect-laden lore that orients existing participants toward a particular problem, contests other histories, parries attacks from outside, and draws in new recruits.~{ It is, in the terms of Actor Network Theory, a process of "enrollment" in which participants find ways to rhetorically align—and to disalign—their interests. It does not constitute the substance of their interest, however. See Latour, Science in Action; Callon, "Some Elements of a Sociology of Translation." }~ This includes proselytism and evangelism (and the usable pasts of protestant reformations, singularities, rebellion and iconoclasm are often salient here), whether for the reform of intellectual-property law or for the adoption of Linux in the trenches of corporate America. It includes both heartfelt allegiance in the name of social justice as well as political agnosticism stripped of all ideology.~{ Coleman, "Political Agnosticism." }~ Every time Free Software is introduced to someone, discussed in the media, analyzed in a scholarly work, or installed in a workplace, a story of either Free Software or Open Source is used to explain its purpose, its momentum, and its temporality. At the extremes are the prophets and proselytes themselves: Eric Raymond describes Open Source as an evolutionarily necessary outcome of the natural tendency of human societies toward economies of abundance, while Richard Stallman describes it as a defense of the fundamental freedoms of creativity and speech, using a variety of philosophical theories of liberty, justice, and the defense of freedom.~{ See, respectively, Raymond, The Cathedral and the Bazaar, and Williams, Free as in Freedom. }~ Even scholarly analyses must begin with a potted history drawn from the self-narration of geeks who make or advocate free software.~{ For example, Castells, The Internet Galaxy, and Weber, The Success of Open Source both tell versions of the same story of origins and development. }~ Indeed, as a methodological aside, one reason it is so easy to track such stories and narratives is because geeks like to tell and, more important, like to archive such stories—to create Web pages, definitions, encyclopedia entries, dictionaries, and mini-histories and to save every scrap of correspondence, every fight, and every resolution related to their activities. This "archival hubris" yields a very peculiar and specific kind of fieldsite: one in which a kind ,{[pg 115]}, of "as-it-happens" ethnographic observation is possible not only through "being there" in the moment but also by being there in the massive, proliferating archives of moments past. Understanding the movement as a changing entity requires constantly glancing back at its future promises and the conditions of their making.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-1554-={ Actor Network Theory ;
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-1652-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:1653:There is a certain irony about the computer, not often noted: the unrivaled power of the computer, if the ubiquitous claims are believed, rests on its general programmability; it can be made to do any calculation, in principle. The so-called universal Turing machine provides the mathematical proof.~{ Turing, "On Computable Numbers." See also Davis, Engines of Logic, for a basic explanation. }~ Despite the abstract power of such certainty, however, we do not live in the world of The Computer—we live in a world of computers. The hardware systems that manufacturers created from the 1950s onward were so specific and idiosyncratic that it was inconceivable that one might write a program for one machine and then simply run it on another. "Programming" became a bespoke practice, tailored to each new machine, and while programmers of a particular machine may well have shared programs with each other, they would not have seen much point in sharing with users of a different machine. Likewise, computer scientists shared mathematical descriptions of algorithms and ideas for automation with as much enthusiasm as corporations jealously guarded theirs, but this sharing, or secrecy, did not extend to the sharing of the program itself. The need to "rewrite" a program for each machine was not just a historical accident, but ,{[pg 122]}, was determined by the needs of designers and engineers and the vicissitudes of the market for such expensive machines.~{ Sharing programs makes sense in this period only in terms of user groups such as SHARE (IBM) and USE (DEC). These groups were indeed sharing source code and sharing programs they had written (see Akera, "Volunteerism and the Fruits of Collaboration"), but they were constituted around specific machines and manufacturers; brand loyalty and customization were familiar pursuits, but sharing source code across dissimilar computers was not. }~
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-1654-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-2247-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:2248:The Open Group, as well as many other participants in the history of open systems, recognize the emergence of "open source" as a return to the now one true path of boundaryless information flow. Eric Raymond, of course, sees continuity and renewal (not least of which in his own participation in the Open Source movement) and in his Art of UNIX Programming says, "The Open Source movement is building on this stable foundation and is creating a resurgence of enthusiasm for the UNIX philosophy. In many ways Open Source can be seen as the true delivery of Open Systems that will ensure it continues to go from strength to strength."~{ "What Is Unix?" The Unix System, http://www.unix.org/what_is_unix/history_timeline.html. }~
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-2249-={ Open Source }
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-3592-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:3593:I’m at dinner again. This time, a windowless hotel conference room in the basement maybe, or perhaps high up in the air. Lawyers, academics, activists, policy experts, and foundation people are semi-excitedly working their way through the hotel’s steam-table fare. I’m trying to tell a story to the assembled group—a story that I have heard Rich Baraniuk tell a hundred times—but I’m screwing it up. Rich always gets enthusiastic stares of wonder, light-bulbs going off everywhere, a subvocalized "Aha!" or a vigorous nod. I, on the other hand, am clearly making it too complicated. Faces and foreheads are squirmed up into lines of failed comprehension, people stare at the gravy-sodden food they’re soldiering through, weighing the option of taking another bite against listening to me complicate an already complicated world. I wouldn’t be doing this, except that Rich is on a plane, or in a taxi, delayed by snow or engineers or perhaps at an eponymous hotel in another city. Meanwhile, our co-organizer Laurie Racine, has somehow convinced herself that I have the childlike enthusiasm necessary to channel Rich. I’m flattered, but unconvinced. After about twenty minutes, so is she, and as I try to answer a question, she stops me and interjects, "Rich really needs to be here. He should really be telling this story."
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-3594-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-3835-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:3836:Glenn galvanized the project. With his background as a lawyer, and especially his keen interest in intellectual-property law, and his long-standing love of music of all kinds Glenn lent incredible enthusiasm to his work. Prior to joining Creative Commons, he had ,{[pg 265]}, clerked for the Hon. Stanley Marcus on the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals, in Miami, where he worked on the so-called Wind Done Gone case.~{ Suntrust v. Houghton Mifflin Co., U.S. Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals, 2001, 252 F. 3d 1165. }~ His participation in the workshop was an experiment of his own; he was working on a story that he would tell countless times and which would become one of the core examples of the kind of practice Creative Commons wanted to encourage.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-3837-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-4033-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:4034:These implications are not lost on the Connexions team, but neither are they understood as goals or as having simple solutions. There is a certain immodest, perhaps even reckless, enthusiasm surrounding these implications, an enthusiasm that can take both polymath and transhumanist forms. For instance, the destabilization of the contemporary textbook-publishing system that Connexions represents is (according to Rich) a more accurate way to represent the connections between concepts than a linear textbook format. Connexions thus represents a use of technology as an intervention into an existing context of practice. The fact that Connexions could also render the reliability or trustworthiness of scholarly knowledge unstable is sometimes discussed as an inevitable outcome of technical change—something that the world at large, not Connexions, must learn to deal with.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-4035-={ intervention, technology as ;
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst-3067-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst:3068:It is common today to think of the 1990s, out of which came the Supreme Court's opinion in /{Reno v. ACLU}/, as a time of naïve optimism about the Internet, expressing in political optimism the same enthusiasm that drove the stock market bubble, with the same degree of justifiability. An ideal liberal public sphere did not, in fact, burst into being from the Internet, fully grown like Athena from the forehead of Zeus. The detailed criticisms of the early claims about the democratizing effects of the Internet can be characterized as variants of five basic claims:
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst-3069-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst-3151-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst:3152:5. /{Digital divide.}/ While the Internet may increase the circle of participants in the public sphere, access to its tools is skewed in favor of those who already are well-off in society--in terms of wealth, race, and skills. I do not respond to this critique in this chapter. First, in the United States, this is less stark today than it was in the late 1990s. Computers and Internet connections are becoming cheaper and more widely available in public libraries and schools. As they become more central to life, they ,{[pg 237]}, seem to be reaching higher penetration rates, and growth rates among underrepresented groups are higher than the growth rate among the highly represented groups. The digital divide with regard to basic access within advanced economies is important as long as it persists, but seems to be a transitional problem. Moreover, it is important to recall that the democratizing effects of the Internet must be compared to democracy in the context of mass media, not in the context of an idealized utopia. Computer literacy and skills, while far from universal, are much more widely distributed than the skills and instruments of mass-media production. Second, I devote chapter 9 to the question of how and why the emergence specifically of nonmarket production provides new avenues for substantial improvements in equality of access to various desiderata that the market distributes unevenly, both within advanced economies and globally, where the maldistribution is much more acute. While the digital divide critique can therefore temper our enthusiasm for how radical the change represented by the networked information economy may be in terms of democracy, the networked information economy is itself an avenue for alleviating maldistribution.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst-3153-={ digital divide ;
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst-4310-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst:4311:PIPRA is a collaboration effort among public-sector universities and agricultural research institutes in the United States, aimed at managing their rights portfolio in a way that will give their own and other researchers freedom to operate in an institutional ecology increasingly populated by patents and other rights that make work difficult. The basic thesis and underlying problem that led to PIPRA's founding were expressed in an article in Science coauthored by fourteen university presidents.~{ Richard Atkinson et al., "Public Sector Collaboration for Agricultural IP Management," Science 301 (2003): 174. }~ They underscored the centrality of public-sector, land-grant university-based research to American agriculture, and the shift over the last twenty-five years toward increased use of intellectual property rules to cover basic discoveries and tools necessary for agricultural innovation. These strategies have been adopted by both commercial firms and, increasingly, by public-sector universities as the primary mechanism for technology transfer from the scientific institute to the commercializing firms. The problem they saw was that in agricultural research, ,{[pg 339]}, innovation was incremental. It relies on access to existing germplasm and crop varieties that, with each generation of innovation, brought with them an ever-increasing set of intellectual property claims that had to be licensed in order to obtain permission to innovate further. The universities decided to use the power that ownership over roughly 24 percent of the patents in agricultural biotechnology innovations provides them as a lever with which to unravel the patent thickets and to reduce the barriers to research that they increasingly found themselves dealing with. The main story, one might say the "founding myth" of PIPRA, was the story of golden rice. Golden rice is a variety of rice that was engineered to provide dietary vitamin A. It was developed with the hope that it could introduce vitamin A supplement to populations in which vitamin A deficiency causes roughly 500,000 cases of blindness a year and contributes to more than 2 million deaths a year. However, when it came to translating the research into deliverable plants, the developers encountered more than seventy patents in a number of countries and six materials transfer agreements that restricted the work and delayed it substantially. PIPRA was launched as an effort of public-sector universities to cooperate in achieving two core goals that would respond to this type of barrier--preserving the right to pursue applications to subsistence crops and other developing-world-related crops, and preserving their own freedom to operate vis-a-vis each other's patent portfolios.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst-4312-={ golden rice }
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/the_public_domain.james_boyle.sst-549-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/the_public_domain.james_boyle.sst:550:Intellectual property was something quite different. It was occasionally covered in the business pages with the same enthusiasm devoted to changes in derivatives rules. Presented with the proposals in the Green and White Papers, the reporters went looking for opinions from the Software Publishers Association, the Recording Industry Association of America, or the Motion Picture Association of America. This was not bias or laziness—to whom else would they go? Who was on the “other side” of these issues? Remember, all of this occurred before Napster was a gleam in Sean Fanning’s eye. Sean Fanning was in middle school. Amazon.com was a new company and “Google” was not yet a verb.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/the_public_domain.james_boyle.sst-551-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/the_public_domain.james_boyle.sst-1557-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/the_public_domain.james_boyle.sst:1558:The free and open source software movements have produced software that rivals or, some claim, exceeds the capabilities of conventional proprietary, binary-only software.~{See Bruce Brown, “Enterprise-Level Security Made Easy,” PC Magazine (January 15, 2002), 28; Jim Rapoza, “Open-Source Fever Spreads,” PC Week (December 13, 1999), 1.}~ Its adoption on the “enterprise level” is impressive, as is the number and enthusiasm of the various technical testaments to its strengths. You have almost certainly used open source software or been its beneficiary. Your favorite Web site or search engine may run on it. If your browser is Firefox, you use it every day. It powers surprising things around you—your ATM or your TiVo. The plane you are flying in may be running it. It just works.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/the_public_domain.james_boyle.sst-1559-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/gullivers_travels.jonathan_swift.sst-685-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/gullivers_travels.jonathan_swift.sst:686:At the centre of the island there is a chasm about fifty yards in diameter, whence the astronomers descend into a large dome, which is therefore called flandona gagnole, or the astronomer's cave, situated at the depth of a hundred yards beneath the upper surface of the adamant. In this cave are twenty lamps continually burning, which, from the reflection of the adamant, cast a strong light into every part. The place is stored with great variety of sextants, quadrants, telescopes, astrolabes, and other astronomical instruments. But the greatest curiosity, upon which the fate of the island depends, is a loadstone of a prodigious size, in shape resembling a weaver's shuttle. It is in length six yards, and in the thickest part at least three yards over. This magnet is sustained by a very strong axle of adamant passing through its middle, upon which it plays, and is poised so exactly that the weakest hand can turn it. It is hooped round with a hollow cylinder of adamant, four feet yards in diameter, placed horizontally, and supported by eight adamantine feet, each six yards high. In the middle of the concave side, there is a groove twelve inches deep, in which the extremities of the axle are lodged, and turned round as there is occasion.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/gullivers_travels.jonathan_swift.sst-687-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/free_for_all.peter_wayner.sst-353-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/free_for_all.peter_wayner.sst:354:In the past, I thought the project never developed into more than a cute toy because there was no market for it. The product wasn't readily useful for businesses, and no one starts a company without the hope that millions of folks desperately need a product. Projects needed programmers and programmers cost money. I just assumed that other free software projects would fall into the same chasm of lack of funding.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/free_for_all.peter_wayner.sst-355-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/free_for_all.peter_wayner.sst-472-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/free_for_all.peter_wayner.sst:473:Jolitz's project, of course, found many people on the Net who didn't think it was just a toy. Once he put the source code on the Net, a bloom of enthusiasm spread through the universities and waystations of the world. People wanted to experiment with a high-grade OS and most could only afford relatively cheap hardware like the 386. Sure, places like Berkeley could get the government grant money and the big corporate donations, but 2,000-plus other schools were stuck waiting. Jolitz's version of 386BSD struck a chord.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/free_for_all.peter_wayner.sst-474-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst-2981-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst:2982:"Go on," she said. "Sounds like a great opportunity." The sarcasm in her voice was unmistakable.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst-2983-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst-6207-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst:6208:"Brilliant," Ashok said, trying to force some enthusiasm into his voice, while inside he was quavering at the thought of Mala in the hands of Bannerjee.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst-6209-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst-6359-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst:6360:"Oh, this is /{all}/ being recorded." There was the sarcasm he'd been waiting for. He was getting under his skin. Right.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst-6361-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/democratizing_innovation.eric_von_hippel.sst-104-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/democratizing_innovation.eric_von_hippel.sst:105:In 1978 Jürgen Honscheid came over from West Germany for the first Hawaiian World Cup and discovered jumping, which was new to him, although Mike Horgan and I were jumping in 1974 and 1975. There was a new enthusiasm for jumping and we were all trying to outdo each other by jumping higher and higher. The problem was that . . . the riders flew off in mid-air because there was no way to keep the board with you---and as a result you hurt your feet, your legs, and the board.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/democratizing_innovation.eric_von_hippel.sst-106-={ Honscheid, J. ;
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/democratizing_innovation.eric_von_hippel.sst-1171-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/democratizing_innovation.eric_von_hippel.sst:1172:To compensate for the likely overstatement of expressed relative to actual WTP in our study, Franke and I conservatively deflated respondents' indicated willingness to pay by 80 percent. (Although the product in question was intended for private use, webmasters were talking about their willingness to spend company money, not their own money.) We asked each user who had indicated that he was not really satisfied with a function (i.e., whose satisfaction with the respective function was 4 or less on a 7-point scale, where 1 = not satisfied at all, and 7 = very satisfied) to estimate how much he would be willing to pay to get a very satisfactory solution regarding this function. After deflation, our sample of 137 webmasters said they were willing to pay $700,000 in aggregate to modify web server software to a point that fully satisfied them with respect to their security function needs. This amounts to an average of $5,232 total willingness to pay per respondent. This is a striking number because the price of commercial web server software similar to Apache's for one server was about $1,100 at the time of our study (source: www.sun.com, November 2001). If we assume that each webmaster was in charge of ten servers on average, this means that each webmaster was willing to pay half the price of a total server software package to get his heterogeneous needs for security features better satisfied.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/democratizing_innovation.eric_von_hippel.sst-1173-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/content.cory_doctorow.sst-283-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/content.cory_doctorow.sst:284:I would like to think that by the time this newest prodigy, Poesy Emmeline Fibonacci Nautilus Taylor Doctorow - you see what I mean about paternal enthusiasm - has reached Cory's age of truly advanced adolescence, the world will have recognized that there are better ways to regulate the economy of mind than pretending that its products are something like pig iron. But even if it hasn't, I am certain that the global human discourse will be less encumbered than it would have been had not Cory Doctorow blessed our current little chunk of space/time with his fierce endeavors.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/content.cory_doctorow.sst-285-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-282-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/accelerando.charles_stross.sst:283:"What you -" He stops dead, baffled, the mad flow of his enthusiasm running up against the coffer dam of her certainty. "Why? I mean, why? Why on earth should what I do matter to you?" /{Since you canceled our engagement}/, he doesn't add.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-284-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-496-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/accelerando.charles_stross.sst:497:She taps him on the chest. "It's all about property rights." She pauses for a moment's thought: There's a huge ideological chasm to bridge, after all. "You finally convinced me about this agalmic thing of yours, this giving everything away for brownie points. I wasn't going to lose you to a bunch of lobsters or uploaded kittens, or whatever else is going to inherit this smart-matter singularity you're busy creating. So I decided to take what's mine first. Who knows? In a few months, I'll give you back a new intelligence, and you can look after it to your heart's content."
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-498-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-1594-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/accelerando.charles_stross.sst:1595:A fraction of a light-second away, Amber locks a cluster of cursors together on the signal, trains them to track its Doppler shift, and reads off the orbital elements. "Locked and loaded," she mutters. The animated purple dinosaur pirouettes and prances in the middle of her viewport, throwing a diamond-tipped swizzle stick overhead. Sarcastically: "Big hug time! I got asteroid!" Cold gas thrusters bang somewhere behind her in the interstage docking ring, prodding the cumbersome farm ship round to orient on the Barney rock. She damps her enthusiasm self-consciously, her implants hungrily sequestrating surplus neurotransmitter molecules floating around her synapses before reuptake sets in. It doesn't do to get too excited in free flight. But the impulse to spin handstands, jump and sing is still there: It's her rock, and it loves her, and she's going to bring it to life.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-1596-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-3086-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/accelerando.charles_stross.sst:3087:Somewhat more disturbing is the ghost's assertion that the human genotype has rendered itself extinct at least twice, that its home planet is unknown, and that Amber is nearly the only human left in the public archives. At this point, she interrupts. "I hardly see what this has to do with me!" Then she blows across her coffee glass, trying to cool the contents. "I'm dead," she explains, with an undertone of knowing sarcasm in her voice. "Remember? I just got here. A thousand seconds ago, subjective time, I was in the control node of a starship, discussing what to do with the router we were in orbit around. We agreed to send ourselves through it, as a trade mission. Then I woke up in bed here in the umpty-zillionth century, wherever and whatever /{here}/ is. Without access to any reality ackles or augmentation, I can't even tell whether this is real or an embedded simulation. You're going to have to explain /{why}/ you need an old version of me before I can make sense of my situation - and I can tell you, I'm not going to help you until I know who you are. And speaking of that, what about the others? Where are they? I wasn't the only one, you know?"
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-3088-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-4766-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/accelerando.charles_stross.sst:4767:_1 Sirhan al-Khurasani despises them with the abstract contempt of an antiquarian for a cunning but ultimately transparent forgery. But Sirhan is young, and he's got more contempt than he knows what to do with. It's a handy outlet for his frustration. He has a lot to be frustrated at, starting with his intermittently dysfunctional family, the elderly stars around whom his planet whizzes in chaotic trajectories of enthusiasm and distaste.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filename/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-4768-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-98-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:99:Self-styled commoners can now be found in dozens of nations around the world. They are locally rooted but internationally aware citizens of the Internet. They don’t just tolerate diversity (ethnic, cultural, aesthetic, intellectual), they celebrate it. Although commoners may have their personal affinities — free software, open-access publishing, remix music, or countless others — they tend to see themselves as part of a larger movement. They share an enthusiasm for innovation and change that burbles up from the bottom, and are known to roll their eyes at the thick-headedness of the mainstream media, which always seem to be a few steps behind.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-100-={ free software }
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-148-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:149:The commoners differ from most of their corporate brethren in their enthusiasm for sharing. They prefer to freely distribute their writing, music, and videos. As a general rule, they don’t like to encase their work in airtight bubbles of property rights reinforced by technological locks. They envision cyberspace more as a peaceable, sociable kingdom than as a take-no-prisoners market. They honor the individual while respecting community norms. They are enthusiastic about sharing while respecting the utility of markets. Idealistic yet pragmatic, they share a commitment to open platforms, social cooperation, and elemental human freedoms.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-150-={ commoners :
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-1253-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:1254:Since Lessig looms so large in this story, it is worth pausing to understand his roots. Raised by culturally conservative, rock-ribbed Republican parents in central Pennsylvania, Lessig was a bright kid with a deep enthusiasm for politics. “I grew up a right-wing lunatic Republican,” Lessig told journalist Steven Levy, noting that he once belonged to the National Teen Age Republicans, ran a candidate’s unsuccessful campaign for the Pennsylvania state senate, and attended the 1980 Republican National Convention, which nominated Ronald Reagan for president. Larry’s father, Jack, was an engineer who once built Minuteman missile silos in South Dakota (where Lessig was born in 1961), and who later bought a steelfabrication company in Williamsport, Pennsylvania.~{ Wikipedia entry, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lessig; Levy, “Lawrence Lessig’s Supreme Showdown.” }~
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-1255-={ Lessig, Lawrence :
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-2182-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:2183:“It was never really clear to me what was going to happen after we launched the licenses,” recalled Glenn Otis Brown. “Would our work be done?” The intense push to craft the licenses and release them now over, Brown and his colleagues were only too happy to ease up in their work. (Van Houweling had left in 2002 to teach law; she is now at the University of California at Berkeley.) Despite his enthusiasm for the licenses, Brown had his private doubts about their future success. “To be honest, I was pretty scared,” he said. “I was worried they were going to go nowhere, and that I was going to be blamed for that.”~{ Interview with Glenn Otis Brown, August 10, 2006. }~
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-2184-={ Brown, Glenn Otis :
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-2488-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:2489:The Web 2.0 environment was quite hospitable for the spread of the CC licenses. It enabled people to signal their willingness to share and their enthusiasm for cool niche fare as opposed to massaudience kitsch.Members of online communities could confidently share their work on wikis and collaborative Web sites, knowing that no one could appropriate their content and take it private. Socially, the licenses let people announce their social identity to others and build a countercultural ethos of sharing. The ethos became hipper and more attractive with every new antipiracy measure that Centralized Media instigated.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-2490-={ Web 2.0 :
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-3462-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:3463:Although most international commoners seem to be culturally progressive and politically engaged, they cannot be situated along a left-right ideological spectrum. This is because commoners tend to be more pragmatic and improvisational than ideological. They are focused on building specific projects to facilitate sharing and creativity, based on open-source principles. Their enthusiasm is for cool software, effective legal interventions, and activist innovations, not sectarian debate.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-3464-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-3758-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:3759:A more penetrating brand of criticism has come from the South, which fears that the West’s newfound enthusiasm for the commons may not necessarily benefit the people of developing nations; indeed, it could simply legitimate new thefts of their shared resources. In an important 2004 law review article, “The Romance of the Public Domain,” law professors Anupam Chander and Madhavi Sunder argue that “public domain advocates seem to accept that because a resource is open to all by force of law, that resource will indeed be exploited by all. In practice, however, differing circumstances — including knowledge, wealth, power and ability — render some better able than others to exploit a commons. We describe this popular scholarly conception of the commons as ‘romantic.’ . . . It is celebratory, even euphoric, about the emancipatory potential of the commons. But it is also naïve, idealistic and removed from reality.”~{ Anupam Chander and Madhavi Sunder, “The Romance of the Public Domain,” California Law Review 92, no. 1131 (2004), p. 1341. }~
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-3760-={ Chander, Anupam +2 ;
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-897-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:898:Geeks love allegories about the Protestant Reformation; they relish stories of Luther and Calvin, of property and iconoclasm, of reformation ,{[pg 67]}, over revolution. Allegories of Protestant revolt allow geeks to make sense of the relationship between the state (the monarchy), large corporations (the Catholic Church), the small start-ups, individual programmers, and adepts among whom they spend most of their time (Protestant reformers), and the laity (known as "lusers" and "sheeple"). It gives them a way to assert that they prefer reformation (to save capitalism from the capitalists) over revolution. Obviously, not all geeks tell stories of "religious wars" and the Protestant Reformation, but these images reappear often enough in conversations that most geeks will more or less instantly recognize them as a way of making sense of modern corporate, state, and political power in the arena of information technology: the figures of Pope, the Catholic Church, the Vatican, the monarchs of various nations, the laity, the rebel adepts like Luther and Calvin, as well as models of sectarianism, iconoclasm ("In the beginning was the Command Line"), politicoreligious power, and arcane theological argumentation.~{ Stephenson, In the Beginning Was the Command Line. }~ The allegories that unfold provide geeks a way to make sense of a similarly complex modern situation in which it is not the Church and the State that struggle, but the Corporation and the State; and what geeks struggle over are not matters of church doctrine and organization, but matters of information technology and its organization as intellectual property and economic motor. I stress here that this is not an analogy that I myself am making (though I happily make use of it), but is one that is in wide circulation among the geeks I study. To the historian or religious critic, it may seem incomplete, or absurd, or bizarre, but it still serves a specific function, and this is why I highlight it as one component of the practical and technical ideas of order that geeks share.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-899-={ Intellectual property ;
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-1552-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:1553:The movement, as a practice of discussion and argument, is made up of stories. It is a practice of storytelling: affect- and intellect-laden lore that orients existing participants toward a particular problem, contests other histories, parries attacks from outside, and draws in new recruits.~{ It is, in the terms of Actor Network Theory, a process of "enrollment" in which participants find ways to rhetorically align—and to disalign—their interests. It does not constitute the substance of their interest, however. See Latour, Science in Action; Callon, "Some Elements of a Sociology of Translation." }~ This includes proselytism and evangelism (and the usable pasts of protestant reformations, singularities, rebellion and iconoclasm are often salient here), whether for the reform of intellectual-property law or for the adoption of Linux in the trenches of corporate America. It includes both heartfelt allegiance in the name of social justice as well as political agnosticism stripped of all ideology.~{ Coleman, "Political Agnosticism." }~ Every time Free Software is introduced to someone, discussed in the media, analyzed in a scholarly work, or installed in a workplace, a story of either Free Software or Open Source is used to explain its purpose, its momentum, and its temporality. At the extremes are the prophets and proselytes themselves: Eric Raymond describes Open Source as an evolutionarily necessary outcome of the natural tendency of human societies toward economies of abundance, while Richard Stallman describes it as a defense of the fundamental freedoms of creativity and speech, using a variety of philosophical theories of liberty, justice, and the defense of freedom.~{ See, respectively, Raymond, The Cathedral and the Bazaar, and Williams, Free as in Freedom. }~ Even scholarly analyses must begin with a potted history drawn from the self-narration of geeks who make or advocate free software.~{ For example, Castells, The Internet Galaxy, and Weber, The Success of Open Source both tell versions of the same story of origins and development. }~ Indeed, as a methodological aside, one reason it is so easy to track such stories and narratives is because geeks like to tell and, more important, like to archive such stories—to create Web pages, definitions, encyclopedia entries, dictionaries, and mini-histories and to save every scrap of correspondence, every fight, and every resolution related to their activities. This "archival hubris" yields a very peculiar and specific kind of fieldsite: one in which a kind ,{[pg 115]}, of "as-it-happens" ethnographic observation is possible not only through "being there" in the moment but also by being there in the massive, proliferating archives of moments past. Understanding the movement as a changing entity requires constantly glancing back at its future promises and the conditions of their making.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-1554-={ Actor Network Theory ;
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-1652-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:1653:There is a certain irony about the computer, not often noted: the unrivaled power of the computer, if the ubiquitous claims are believed, rests on its general programmability; it can be made to do any calculation, in principle. The so-called universal Turing machine provides the mathematical proof.~{ Turing, "On Computable Numbers." See also Davis, Engines of Logic, for a basic explanation. }~ Despite the abstract power of such certainty, however, we do not live in the world of The Computer—we live in a world of computers. The hardware systems that manufacturers created from the 1950s onward were so specific and idiosyncratic that it was inconceivable that one might write a program for one machine and then simply run it on another. "Programming" became a bespoke practice, tailored to each new machine, and while programmers of a particular machine may well have shared programs with each other, they would not have seen much point in sharing with users of a different machine. Likewise, computer scientists shared mathematical descriptions of algorithms and ideas for automation with as much enthusiasm as corporations jealously guarded theirs, but this sharing, or secrecy, did not extend to the sharing of the program itself. The need to "rewrite" a program for each machine was not just a historical accident, but ,{[pg 122]}, was determined by the needs of designers and engineers and the vicissitudes of the market for such expensive machines.~{ Sharing programs makes sense in this period only in terms of user groups such as SHARE (IBM) and USE (DEC). These groups were indeed sharing source code and sharing programs they had written (see Akera, "Volunteerism and the Fruits of Collaboration"), but they were constituted around specific machines and manufacturers; brand loyalty and customization were familiar pursuits, but sharing source code across dissimilar computers was not. }~
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-1654-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-2247-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:2248:The Open Group, as well as many other participants in the history of open systems, recognize the emergence of "open source" as a return to the now one true path of boundaryless information flow. Eric Raymond, of course, sees continuity and renewal (not least of which in his own participation in the Open Source movement) and in his Art of UNIX Programming says, "The Open Source movement is building on this stable foundation and is creating a resurgence of enthusiasm for the UNIX philosophy. In many ways Open Source can be seen as the true delivery of Open Systems that will ensure it continues to go from strength to strength."~{ "What Is Unix?" The Unix System, http://www.unix.org/what_is_unix/history_timeline.html. }~
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-2249-={ Open Source }
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-3592-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:3593:I’m at dinner again. This time, a windowless hotel conference room in the basement maybe, or perhaps high up in the air. Lawyers, academics, activists, policy experts, and foundation people are semi-excitedly working their way through the hotel’s steam-table fare. I’m trying to tell a story to the assembled group—a story that I have heard Rich Baraniuk tell a hundred times—but I’m screwing it up. Rich always gets enthusiastic stares of wonder, light-bulbs going off everywhere, a subvocalized "Aha!" or a vigorous nod. I, on the other hand, am clearly making it too complicated. Faces and foreheads are squirmed up into lines of failed comprehension, people stare at the gravy-sodden food they’re soldiering through, weighing the option of taking another bite against listening to me complicate an already complicated world. I wouldn’t be doing this, except that Rich is on a plane, or in a taxi, delayed by snow or engineers or perhaps at an eponymous hotel in another city. Meanwhile, our co-organizer Laurie Racine, has somehow convinced herself that I have the childlike enthusiasm necessary to channel Rich. I’m flattered, but unconvinced. After about twenty minutes, so is she, and as I try to answer a question, she stops me and interjects, "Rich really needs to be here. He should really be telling this story."
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-3594-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-3835-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:3836:Glenn galvanized the project. With his background as a lawyer, and especially his keen interest in intellectual-property law, and his long-standing love of music of all kinds Glenn lent incredible enthusiasm to his work. Prior to joining Creative Commons, he had ,{[pg 265]}, clerked for the Hon. Stanley Marcus on the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals, in Miami, where he worked on the so-called Wind Done Gone case.~{ Suntrust v. Houghton Mifflin Co., U.S. Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals, 2001, 252 F. 3d 1165. }~ His participation in the workshop was an experiment of his own; he was working on a story that he would tell countless times and which would become one of the core examples of the kind of practice Creative Commons wanted to encourage.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-3837-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-4033-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:4034:These implications are not lost on the Connexions team, but neither are they understood as goals or as having simple solutions. There is a certain immodest, perhaps even reckless, enthusiasm surrounding these implications, an enthusiasm that can take both polymath and transhumanist forms. For instance, the destabilization of the contemporary textbook-publishing system that Connexions represents is (according to Rich) a more accurate way to represent the connections between concepts than a linear textbook format. Connexions thus represents a use of technology as an intervention into an existing context of practice. The fact that Connexions could also render the reliability or trustworthiness of scholarly knowledge unstable is sometimes discussed as an inevitable outcome of technical change—something that the world at large, not Connexions, must learn to deal with.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-4035-={ intervention, technology as ;
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst-3067-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst:3068:It is common today to think of the 1990s, out of which came the Supreme Court's opinion in /{Reno v. ACLU}/, as a time of naïve optimism about the Internet, expressing in political optimism the same enthusiasm that drove the stock market bubble, with the same degree of justifiability. An ideal liberal public sphere did not, in fact, burst into being from the Internet, fully grown like Athena from the forehead of Zeus. The detailed criticisms of the early claims about the democratizing effects of the Internet can be characterized as variants of five basic claims:
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst-3069-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst-3151-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst:3152:5. /{Digital divide.}/ While the Internet may increase the circle of participants in the public sphere, access to its tools is skewed in favor of those who already are well-off in society--in terms of wealth, race, and skills. I do not respond to this critique in this chapter. First, in the United States, this is less stark today than it was in the late 1990s. Computers and Internet connections are becoming cheaper and more widely available in public libraries and schools. As they become more central to life, they ,{[pg 237]}, seem to be reaching higher penetration rates, and growth rates among underrepresented groups are higher than the growth rate among the highly represented groups. The digital divide with regard to basic access within advanced economies is important as long as it persists, but seems to be a transitional problem. Moreover, it is important to recall that the democratizing effects of the Internet must be compared to democracy in the context of mass media, not in the context of an idealized utopia. Computer literacy and skills, while far from universal, are much more widely distributed than the skills and instruments of mass-media production. Second, I devote chapter 9 to the question of how and why the emergence specifically of nonmarket production provides new avenues for substantial improvements in equality of access to various desiderata that the market distributes unevenly, both within advanced economies and globally, where the maldistribution is much more acute. While the digital divide critique can therefore temper our enthusiasm for how radical the change represented by the networked information economy may be in terms of democracy, the networked information economy is itself an avenue for alleviating maldistribution.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst-3153-={ digital divide ;
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst-4310-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst:4311:PIPRA is a collaboration effort among public-sector universities and agricultural research institutes in the United States, aimed at managing their rights portfolio in a way that will give their own and other researchers freedom to operate in an institutional ecology increasingly populated by patents and other rights that make work difficult. The basic thesis and underlying problem that led to PIPRA's founding were expressed in an article in Science coauthored by fourteen university presidents.~{ Richard Atkinson et al., "Public Sector Collaboration for Agricultural IP Management," Science 301 (2003): 174. }~ They underscored the centrality of public-sector, land-grant university-based research to American agriculture, and the shift over the last twenty-five years toward increased use of intellectual property rules to cover basic discoveries and tools necessary for agricultural innovation. These strategies have been adopted by both commercial firms and, increasingly, by public-sector universities as the primary mechanism for technology transfer from the scientific institute to the commercializing firms. The problem they saw was that in agricultural research, ,{[pg 339]}, innovation was incremental. It relies on access to existing germplasm and crop varieties that, with each generation of innovation, brought with them an ever-increasing set of intellectual property claims that had to be licensed in order to obtain permission to innovate further. The universities decided to use the power that ownership over roughly 24 percent of the patents in agricultural biotechnology innovations provides them as a lever with which to unravel the patent thickets and to reduce the barriers to research that they increasingly found themselves dealing with. The main story, one might say the "founding myth" of PIPRA, was the story of golden rice. Golden rice is a variety of rice that was engineered to provide dietary vitamin A. It was developed with the hope that it could introduce vitamin A supplement to populations in which vitamin A deficiency causes roughly 500,000 cases of blindness a year and contributes to more than 2 million deaths a year. However, when it came to translating the research into deliverable plants, the developers encountered more than seventy patents in a number of countries and six materials transfer agreements that restricted the work and delayed it substantially. PIPRA was launched as an effort of public-sector universities to cooperate in achieving two core goals that would respond to this type of barrier--preserving the right to pursue applications to subsistence crops and other developing-world-related crops, and preserving their own freedom to operate vis-a-vis each other's patent portfolios.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst-4312-={ golden rice }
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/the_public_domain.james_boyle.sst-549-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/the_public_domain.james_boyle.sst:550:Intellectual property was something quite different. It was occasionally covered in the business pages with the same enthusiasm devoted to changes in derivatives rules. Presented with the proposals in the Green and White Papers, the reporters went looking for opinions from the Software Publishers Association, the Recording Industry Association of America, or the Motion Picture Association of America. This was not bias or laziness—to whom else would they go? Who was on the “other side” of these issues? Remember, all of this occurred before Napster was a gleam in Sean Fanning’s eye. Sean Fanning was in middle school. Amazon.com was a new company and “Google” was not yet a verb.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/the_public_domain.james_boyle.sst-551-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/the_public_domain.james_boyle.sst-1557-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/the_public_domain.james_boyle.sst:1558:The free and open source software movements have produced software that rivals or, some claim, exceeds the capabilities of conventional proprietary, binary-only software.~{See Bruce Brown, “Enterprise-Level Security Made Easy,” PC Magazine (January 15, 2002), 28; Jim Rapoza, “Open-Source Fever Spreads,” PC Week (December 13, 1999), 1.}~ Its adoption on the “enterprise level” is impressive, as is the number and enthusiasm of the various technical testaments to its strengths. You have almost certainly used open source software or been its beneficiary. Your favorite Web site or search engine may run on it. If your browser is Firefox, you use it every day. It powers surprising things around you—your ATM or your TiVo. The plane you are flying in may be running it. It just works.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/the_public_domain.james_boyle.sst-1559-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/gullivers_travels.jonathan_swift.sst-685-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/gullivers_travels.jonathan_swift.sst:686:At the centre of the island there is a chasm about fifty yards in diameter, whence the astronomers descend into a large dome, which is therefore called flandona gagnole, or the astronomer's cave, situated at the depth of a hundred yards beneath the upper surface of the adamant. In this cave are twenty lamps continually burning, which, from the reflection of the adamant, cast a strong light into every part. The place is stored with great variety of sextants, quadrants, telescopes, astrolabes, and other astronomical instruments. But the greatest curiosity, upon which the fate of the island depends, is a loadstone of a prodigious size, in shape resembling a weaver's shuttle. It is in length six yards, and in the thickest part at least three yards over. This magnet is sustained by a very strong axle of adamant passing through its middle, upon which it plays, and is poised so exactly that the weakest hand can turn it. It is hooped round with a hollow cylinder of adamant, four feet yards in diameter, placed horizontally, and supported by eight adamantine feet, each six yards high. In the middle of the concave side, there is a groove twelve inches deep, in which the extremities of the axle are lodged, and turned round as there is occasion.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/gullivers_travels.jonathan_swift.sst-687-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/free_for_all.peter_wayner.sst-353-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/free_for_all.peter_wayner.sst:354:In the past, I thought the project never developed into more than a cute toy because there was no market for it. The product wasn't readily useful for businesses, and no one starts a company without the hope that millions of folks desperately need a product. Projects needed programmers and programmers cost money. I just assumed that other free software projects would fall into the same chasm of lack of funding.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/free_for_all.peter_wayner.sst-355-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/free_for_all.peter_wayner.sst-472-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/free_for_all.peter_wayner.sst:473:Jolitz's project, of course, found many people on the Net who didn't think it was just a toy. Once he put the source code on the Net, a bloom of enthusiasm spread through the universities and waystations of the world. People wanted to experiment with a high-grade OS and most could only afford relatively cheap hardware like the 386. Sure, places like Berkeley could get the government grant money and the big corporate donations, but 2,000-plus other schools were stuck waiting. Jolitz's version of 386BSD struck a chord.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/free_for_all.peter_wayner.sst-474-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst-2981-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst:2982:"Go on," she said. "Sounds like a great opportunity." The sarcasm in her voice was unmistakable.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst-2983-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst-6207-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst:6208:"Brilliant," Ashok said, trying to force some enthusiasm into his voice, while inside he was quavering at the thought of Mala in the hands of Bannerjee.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst-6209-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst-6359-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst:6360:"Oh, this is /{all}/ being recorded." There was the sarcasm he'd been waiting for. He was getting under his skin. Right.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst-6361-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/democratizing_innovation.eric_von_hippel.sst-104-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/democratizing_innovation.eric_von_hippel.sst:105:In 1978 Jürgen Honscheid came over from West Germany for the first Hawaiian World Cup and discovered jumping, which was new to him, although Mike Horgan and I were jumping in 1974 and 1975. There was a new enthusiasm for jumping and we were all trying to outdo each other by jumping higher and higher. The problem was that . . . the riders flew off in mid-air because there was no way to keep the board with you---and as a result you hurt your feet, your legs, and the board.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/democratizing_innovation.eric_von_hippel.sst-106-={ Honscheid, J. ;
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/democratizing_innovation.eric_von_hippel.sst-1171-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/democratizing_innovation.eric_von_hippel.sst:1172:To compensate for the likely overstatement of expressed relative to actual WTP in our study, Franke and I conservatively deflated respondents' indicated willingness to pay by 80 percent. (Although the product in question was intended for private use, webmasters were talking about their willingness to spend company money, not their own money.) We asked each user who had indicated that he was not really satisfied with a function (i.e., whose satisfaction with the respective function was 4 or less on a 7-point scale, where 1 = not satisfied at all, and 7 = very satisfied) to estimate how much he would be willing to pay to get a very satisfactory solution regarding this function. After deflation, our sample of 137 webmasters said they were willing to pay $700,000 in aggregate to modify web server software to a point that fully satisfied them with respect to their security function needs. This amounts to an average of $5,232 total willingness to pay per respondent. This is a striking number because the price of commercial web server software similar to Apache's for one server was about $1,100 at the time of our study (source: www.sun.com, November 2001). If we assume that each webmaster was in charge of ten servers on average, this means that each webmaster was willing to pay half the price of a total server software package to get his heterogeneous needs for security features better satisfied.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/democratizing_innovation.eric_von_hippel.sst-1173-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/content.cory_doctorow.sst-283-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/content.cory_doctorow.sst:284:I would like to think that by the time this newest prodigy, Poesy Emmeline Fibonacci Nautilus Taylor Doctorow - you see what I mean about paternal enthusiasm - has reached Cory's age of truly advanced adolescence, the world will have recognized that there are better ways to regulate the economy of mind than pretending that its products are something like pig iron. But even if it hasn't, I am certain that the global human discourse will be less encumbered than it would have been had not Cory Doctorow blessed our current little chunk of space/time with his fierce endeavors.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/content.cory_doctorow.sst-285-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-282-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/accelerando.charles_stross.sst:283:"What you -" He stops dead, baffled, the mad flow of his enthusiasm running up against the coffer dam of her certainty. "Why? I mean, why? Why on earth should what I do matter to you?" /{Since you canceled our engagement}/, he doesn't add.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-284-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-496-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/accelerando.charles_stross.sst:497:She taps him on the chest. "It's all about property rights." She pauses for a moment's thought: There's a huge ideological chasm to bridge, after all. "You finally convinced me about this agalmic thing of yours, this giving everything away for brownie points. I wasn't going to lose you to a bunch of lobsters or uploaded kittens, or whatever else is going to inherit this smart-matter singularity you're busy creating. So I decided to take what's mine first. Who knows? In a few months, I'll give you back a new intelligence, and you can look after it to your heart's content."
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-498-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-1594-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/accelerando.charles_stross.sst:1595:A fraction of a light-second away, Amber locks a cluster of cursors together on the signal, trains them to track its Doppler shift, and reads off the orbital elements. "Locked and loaded," she mutters. The animated purple dinosaur pirouettes and prances in the middle of her viewport, throwing a diamond-tipped swizzle stick overhead. Sarcastically: "Big hug time! I got asteroid!" Cold gas thrusters bang somewhere behind her in the interstage docking ring, prodding the cumbersome farm ship round to orient on the Barney rock. She damps her enthusiasm self-consciously, her implants hungrily sequestrating surplus neurotransmitter molecules floating around her synapses before reuptake sets in. It doesn't do to get too excited in free flight. But the impulse to spin handstands, jump and sing is still there: It's her rock, and it loves her, and she's going to bring it to life.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-1596-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-3086-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/accelerando.charles_stross.sst:3087:Somewhat more disturbing is the ghost's assertion that the human genotype has rendered itself extinct at least twice, that its home planet is unknown, and that Amber is nearly the only human left in the public archives. At this point, she interrupts. "I hardly see what this has to do with me!" Then she blows across her coffee glass, trying to cool the contents. "I'm dead," she explains, with an undertone of knowing sarcasm in her voice. "Remember? I just got here. A thousand seconds ago, subjective time, I was in the control node of a starship, discussing what to do with the router we were in orbit around. We agreed to send ourselves through it, as a trade mission. Then I woke up in bed here in the umpty-zillionth century, wherever and whatever /{here}/ is. Without access to any reality ackles or augmentation, I can't even tell whether this is real or an embedded simulation. You're going to have to explain /{why}/ you need an old version of me before I can make sense of my situation - and I can tell you, I'm not going to help you until I know who you are. And speaking of that, what about the others? Where are they? I wasn't the only one, you know?"
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-3088-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-4766-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/accelerando.charles_stross.sst:4767:_1 Sirhan al-Khurasani despises them with the abstract contempt of an antiquarian for a cunning but ultimately transparent forgery. But Sirhan is young, and he's got more contempt than he knows what to do with. It's a handy outlet for his frustration. He has a lot to be frustrated at, starting with his intermittently dysfunctional family, the elderly stars around whom his planet whizzes in chaotic trajectories of enthusiasm and distaste.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_filetype/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-4768-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-98-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:99:Self-styled commoners can now be found in dozens of nations around the world. They are locally rooted but internationally aware citizens of the Internet. They don’t just tolerate diversity (ethnic, cultural, aesthetic, intellectual), they celebrate it. Although commoners may have their personal affinities — free software, open-access publishing, remix music, or countless others — they tend to see themselves as part of a larger movement. They share an enthusiasm for innovation and change that burbles up from the bottom, and are known to roll their eyes at the thick-headedness of the mainstream media, which always seem to be a few steps behind.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-100-={ free software }
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-148-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:149:The commoners differ from most of their corporate brethren in their enthusiasm for sharing. They prefer to freely distribute their writing, music, and videos. As a general rule, they don’t like to encase their work in airtight bubbles of property rights reinforced by technological locks. They envision cyberspace more as a peaceable, sociable kingdom than as a take-no-prisoners market. They honor the individual while respecting community norms. They are enthusiastic about sharing while respecting the utility of markets. Idealistic yet pragmatic, they share a commitment to open platforms, social cooperation, and elemental human freedoms.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-150-={ commoners :
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-1253-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:1254:Since Lessig looms so large in this story, it is worth pausing to understand his roots. Raised by culturally conservative, rock-ribbed Republican parents in central Pennsylvania, Lessig was a bright kid with a deep enthusiasm for politics. “I grew up a right-wing lunatic Republican,” Lessig told journalist Steven Levy, noting that he once belonged to the National Teen Age Republicans, ran a candidate’s unsuccessful campaign for the Pennsylvania state senate, and attended the 1980 Republican National Convention, which nominated Ronald Reagan for president. Larry’s father, Jack, was an engineer who once built Minuteman missile silos in South Dakota (where Lessig was born in 1961), and who later bought a steelfabrication company in Williamsport, Pennsylvania.~{ Wikipedia entry, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lessig; Levy, “Lawrence Lessig’s Supreme Showdown.” }~
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-1255-={ Lessig, Lawrence :
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-2182-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:2183:“It was never really clear to me what was going to happen after we launched the licenses,” recalled Glenn Otis Brown. “Would our work be done?” The intense push to craft the licenses and release them now over, Brown and his colleagues were only too happy to ease up in their work. (Van Houweling had left in 2002 to teach law; she is now at the University of California at Berkeley.) Despite his enthusiasm for the licenses, Brown had his private doubts about their future success. “To be honest, I was pretty scared,” he said. “I was worried they were going to go nowhere, and that I was going to be blamed for that.”~{ Interview with Glenn Otis Brown, August 10, 2006. }~
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-2184-={ Brown, Glenn Otis :
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-2488-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:2489:The Web 2.0 environment was quite hospitable for the spread of the CC licenses. It enabled people to signal their willingness to share and their enthusiasm for cool niche fare as opposed to massaudience kitsch.Members of online communities could confidently share their work on wikis and collaborative Web sites, knowing that no one could appropriate their content and take it private. Socially, the licenses let people announce their social identity to others and build a countercultural ethos of sharing. The ethos became hipper and more attractive with every new antipiracy measure that Centralized Media instigated.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-2490-={ Web 2.0 :
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-3462-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:3463:Although most international commoners seem to be culturally progressive and politically engaged, they cannot be situated along a left-right ideological spectrum. This is because commoners tend to be more pragmatic and improvisational than ideological. They are focused on building specific projects to facilitate sharing and creativity, based on open-source principles. Their enthusiasm is for cool software, effective legal interventions, and activist innovations, not sectarian debate.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-3464-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-3758-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:3759:A more penetrating brand of criticism has come from the South, which fears that the West’s newfound enthusiasm for the commons may not necessarily benefit the people of developing nations; indeed, it could simply legitimate new thefts of their shared resources. In an important 2004 law review article, “The Romance of the Public Domain,” law professors Anupam Chander and Madhavi Sunder argue that “public domain advocates seem to accept that because a resource is open to all by force of law, that resource will indeed be exploited by all. In practice, however, differing circumstances — including knowledge, wealth, power and ability — render some better able than others to exploit a commons. We describe this popular scholarly conception of the commons as ‘romantic.’ . . . It is celebratory, even euphoric, about the emancipatory potential of the commons. But it is also naïve, idealistic and removed from reality.”~{ Anupam Chander and Madhavi Sunder, “The Romance of the Public Domain,” California Law Review 92, no. 1131 (2004), p. 1341. }~
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-3760-={ Chander, Anupam +2 ;
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-897-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:898:Geeks love allegories about the Protestant Reformation; they relish stories of Luther and Calvin, of property and iconoclasm, of reformation ,{[pg 67]}, over revolution. Allegories of Protestant revolt allow geeks to make sense of the relationship between the state (the monarchy), large corporations (the Catholic Church), the small start-ups, individual programmers, and adepts among whom they spend most of their time (Protestant reformers), and the laity (known as "lusers" and "sheeple"). It gives them a way to assert that they prefer reformation (to save capitalism from the capitalists) over revolution. Obviously, not all geeks tell stories of "religious wars" and the Protestant Reformation, but these images reappear often enough in conversations that most geeks will more or less instantly recognize them as a way of making sense of modern corporate, state, and political power in the arena of information technology: the figures of Pope, the Catholic Church, the Vatican, the monarchs of various nations, the laity, the rebel adepts like Luther and Calvin, as well as models of sectarianism, iconoclasm ("In the beginning was the Command Line"), politicoreligious power, and arcane theological argumentation.~{ Stephenson, In the Beginning Was the Command Line. }~ The allegories that unfold provide geeks a way to make sense of a similarly complex modern situation in which it is not the Church and the State that struggle, but the Corporation and the State; and what geeks struggle over are not matters of church doctrine and organization, but matters of information technology and its organization as intellectual property and economic motor. I stress here that this is not an analogy that I myself am making (though I happily make use of it), but is one that is in wide circulation among the geeks I study. To the historian or religious critic, it may seem incomplete, or absurd, or bizarre, but it still serves a specific function, and this is why I highlight it as one component of the practical and technical ideas of order that geeks share.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-899-={ Intellectual property ;
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-1552-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:1553:The movement, as a practice of discussion and argument, is made up of stories. It is a practice of storytelling: affect- and intellect-laden lore that orients existing participants toward a particular problem, contests other histories, parries attacks from outside, and draws in new recruits.~{ It is, in the terms of Actor Network Theory, a process of "enrollment" in which participants find ways to rhetorically align—and to disalign—their interests. It does not constitute the substance of their interest, however. See Latour, Science in Action; Callon, "Some Elements of a Sociology of Translation." }~ This includes proselytism and evangelism (and the usable pasts of protestant reformations, singularities, rebellion and iconoclasm are often salient here), whether for the reform of intellectual-property law or for the adoption of Linux in the trenches of corporate America. It includes both heartfelt allegiance in the name of social justice as well as political agnosticism stripped of all ideology.~{ Coleman, "Political Agnosticism." }~ Every time Free Software is introduced to someone, discussed in the media, analyzed in a scholarly work, or installed in a workplace, a story of either Free Software or Open Source is used to explain its purpose, its momentum, and its temporality. At the extremes are the prophets and proselytes themselves: Eric Raymond describes Open Source as an evolutionarily necessary outcome of the natural tendency of human societies toward economies of abundance, while Richard Stallman describes it as a defense of the fundamental freedoms of creativity and speech, using a variety of philosophical theories of liberty, justice, and the defense of freedom.~{ See, respectively, Raymond, The Cathedral and the Bazaar, and Williams, Free as in Freedom. }~ Even scholarly analyses must begin with a potted history drawn from the self-narration of geeks who make or advocate free software.~{ For example, Castells, The Internet Galaxy, and Weber, The Success of Open Source both tell versions of the same story of origins and development. }~ Indeed, as a methodological aside, one reason it is so easy to track such stories and narratives is because geeks like to tell and, more important, like to archive such stories—to create Web pages, definitions, encyclopedia entries, dictionaries, and mini-histories and to save every scrap of correspondence, every fight, and every resolution related to their activities. This "archival hubris" yields a very peculiar and specific kind of fieldsite: one in which a kind ,{[pg 115]}, of "as-it-happens" ethnographic observation is possible not only through "being there" in the moment but also by being there in the massive, proliferating archives of moments past. Understanding the movement as a changing entity requires constantly glancing back at its future promises and the conditions of their making.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-1554-={ Actor Network Theory ;
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-1652-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:1653:There is a certain irony about the computer, not often noted: the unrivaled power of the computer, if the ubiquitous claims are believed, rests on its general programmability; it can be made to do any calculation, in principle. The so-called universal Turing machine provides the mathematical proof.~{ Turing, "On Computable Numbers." See also Davis, Engines of Logic, for a basic explanation. }~ Despite the abstract power of such certainty, however, we do not live in the world of The Computer—we live in a world of computers. The hardware systems that manufacturers created from the 1950s onward were so specific and idiosyncratic that it was inconceivable that one might write a program for one machine and then simply run it on another. "Programming" became a bespoke practice, tailored to each new machine, and while programmers of a particular machine may well have shared programs with each other, they would not have seen much point in sharing with users of a different machine. Likewise, computer scientists shared mathematical descriptions of algorithms and ideas for automation with as much enthusiasm as corporations jealously guarded theirs, but this sharing, or secrecy, did not extend to the sharing of the program itself. The need to "rewrite" a program for each machine was not just a historical accident, but ,{[pg 122]}, was determined by the needs of designers and engineers and the vicissitudes of the market for such expensive machines.~{ Sharing programs makes sense in this period only in terms of user groups such as SHARE (IBM) and USE (DEC). These groups were indeed sharing source code and sharing programs they had written (see Akera, "Volunteerism and the Fruits of Collaboration"), but they were constituted around specific machines and manufacturers; brand loyalty and customization were familiar pursuits, but sharing source code across dissimilar computers was not. }~
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-1654-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-2247-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:2248:The Open Group, as well as many other participants in the history of open systems, recognize the emergence of "open source" as a return to the now one true path of boundaryless information flow. Eric Raymond, of course, sees continuity and renewal (not least of which in his own participation in the Open Source movement) and in his Art of UNIX Programming says, "The Open Source movement is building on this stable foundation and is creating a resurgence of enthusiasm for the UNIX philosophy. In many ways Open Source can be seen as the true delivery of Open Systems that will ensure it continues to go from strength to strength."~{ "What Is Unix?" The Unix System, http://www.unix.org/what_is_unix/history_timeline.html. }~
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-2249-={ Open Source }
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-3592-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:3593:I’m at dinner again. This time, a windowless hotel conference room in the basement maybe, or perhaps high up in the air. Lawyers, academics, activists, policy experts, and foundation people are semi-excitedly working their way through the hotel’s steam-table fare. I’m trying to tell a story to the assembled group—a story that I have heard Rich Baraniuk tell a hundred times—but I’m screwing it up. Rich always gets enthusiastic stares of wonder, light-bulbs going off everywhere, a subvocalized "Aha!" or a vigorous nod. I, on the other hand, am clearly making it too complicated. Faces and foreheads are squirmed up into lines of failed comprehension, people stare at the gravy-sodden food they’re soldiering through, weighing the option of taking another bite against listening to me complicate an already complicated world. I wouldn’t be doing this, except that Rich is on a plane, or in a taxi, delayed by snow or engineers or perhaps at an eponymous hotel in another city. Meanwhile, our co-organizer Laurie Racine, has somehow convinced herself that I have the childlike enthusiasm necessary to channel Rich. I’m flattered, but unconvinced. After about twenty minutes, so is she, and as I try to answer a question, she stops me and interjects, "Rich really needs to be here. He should really be telling this story."
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-3594-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-3835-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:3836:Glenn galvanized the project. With his background as a lawyer, and especially his keen interest in intellectual-property law, and his long-standing love of music of all kinds Glenn lent incredible enthusiasm to his work. Prior to joining Creative Commons, he had ,{[pg 265]}, clerked for the Hon. Stanley Marcus on the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals, in Miami, where he worked on the so-called Wind Done Gone case.~{ Suntrust v. Houghton Mifflin Co., U.S. Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals, 2001, 252 F. 3d 1165. }~ His participation in the workshop was an experiment of his own; he was working on a story that he would tell countless times and which would become one of the core examples of the kind of practice Creative Commons wanted to encourage.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-3837-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-4033-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:4034:These implications are not lost on the Connexions team, but neither are they understood as goals or as having simple solutions. There is a certain immodest, perhaps even reckless, enthusiasm surrounding these implications, an enthusiasm that can take both polymath and transhumanist forms. For instance, the destabilization of the contemporary textbook-publishing system that Connexions represents is (according to Rich) a more accurate way to represent the connections between concepts than a linear textbook format. Connexions thus represents a use of technology as an intervention into an existing context of practice. The fact that Connexions could also render the reliability or trustworthiness of scholarly knowledge unstable is sometimes discussed as an inevitable outcome of technical change—something that the world at large, not Connexions, must learn to deal with.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-4035-={ intervention, technology as ;
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst-3067-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst:3068:It is common today to think of the 1990s, out of which came the Supreme Court's opinion in /{Reno v. ACLU}/, as a time of naïve optimism about the Internet, expressing in political optimism the same enthusiasm that drove the stock market bubble, with the same degree of justifiability. An ideal liberal public sphere did not, in fact, burst into being from the Internet, fully grown like Athena from the forehead of Zeus. The detailed criticisms of the early claims about the democratizing effects of the Internet can be characterized as variants of five basic claims:
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst-3069-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst-3151-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst:3152:5. /{Digital divide.}/ While the Internet may increase the circle of participants in the public sphere, access to its tools is skewed in favor of those who already are well-off in society--in terms of wealth, race, and skills. I do not respond to this critique in this chapter. First, in the United States, this is less stark today than it was in the late 1990s. Computers and Internet connections are becoming cheaper and more widely available in public libraries and schools. As they become more central to life, they ,{[pg 237]}, seem to be reaching higher penetration rates, and growth rates among underrepresented groups are higher than the growth rate among the highly represented groups. The digital divide with regard to basic access within advanced economies is important as long as it persists, but seems to be a transitional problem. Moreover, it is important to recall that the democratizing effects of the Internet must be compared to democracy in the context of mass media, not in the context of an idealized utopia. Computer literacy and skills, while far from universal, are much more widely distributed than the skills and instruments of mass-media production. Second, I devote chapter 9 to the question of how and why the emergence specifically of nonmarket production provides new avenues for substantial improvements in equality of access to various desiderata that the market distributes unevenly, both within advanced economies and globally, where the maldistribution is much more acute. While the digital divide critique can therefore temper our enthusiasm for how radical the change represented by the networked information economy may be in terms of democracy, the networked information economy is itself an avenue for alleviating maldistribution.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst-3153-={ digital divide ;
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst-4310-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst:4311:PIPRA is a collaboration effort among public-sector universities and agricultural research institutes in the United States, aimed at managing their rights portfolio in a way that will give their own and other researchers freedom to operate in an institutional ecology increasingly populated by patents and other rights that make work difficult. The basic thesis and underlying problem that led to PIPRA's founding were expressed in an article in Science coauthored by fourteen university presidents.~{ Richard Atkinson et al., "Public Sector Collaboration for Agricultural IP Management," Science 301 (2003): 174. }~ They underscored the centrality of public-sector, land-grant university-based research to American agriculture, and the shift over the last twenty-five years toward increased use of intellectual property rules to cover basic discoveries and tools necessary for agricultural innovation. These strategies have been adopted by both commercial firms and, increasingly, by public-sector universities as the primary mechanism for technology transfer from the scientific institute to the commercializing firms. The problem they saw was that in agricultural research, ,{[pg 339]}, innovation was incremental. It relies on access to existing germplasm and crop varieties that, with each generation of innovation, brought with them an ever-increasing set of intellectual property claims that had to be licensed in order to obtain permission to innovate further. The universities decided to use the power that ownership over roughly 24 percent of the patents in agricultural biotechnology innovations provides them as a lever with which to unravel the patent thickets and to reduce the barriers to research that they increasingly found themselves dealing with. The main story, one might say the "founding myth" of PIPRA, was the story of golden rice. Golden rice is a variety of rice that was engineered to provide dietary vitamin A. It was developed with the hope that it could introduce vitamin A supplement to populations in which vitamin A deficiency causes roughly 500,000 cases of blindness a year and contributes to more than 2 million deaths a year. However, when it came to translating the research into deliverable plants, the developers encountered more than seventy patents in a number of countries and six materials transfer agreements that restricted the work and delayed it substantially. PIPRA was launched as an effort of public-sector universities to cooperate in achieving two core goals that would respond to this type of barrier--preserving the right to pursue applications to subsistence crops and other developing-world-related crops, and preserving their own freedom to operate vis-a-vis each other's patent portfolios.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst-4312-={ golden rice }
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/the_public_domain.james_boyle.sst-549-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/the_public_domain.james_boyle.sst:550:Intellectual property was something quite different. It was occasionally covered in the business pages with the same enthusiasm devoted to changes in derivatives rules. Presented with the proposals in the Green and White Papers, the reporters went looking for opinions from the Software Publishers Association, the Recording Industry Association of America, or the Motion Picture Association of America. This was not bias or laziness—to whom else would they go? Who was on the “other side” of these issues? Remember, all of this occurred before Napster was a gleam in Sean Fanning’s eye. Sean Fanning was in middle school. Amazon.com was a new company and “Google” was not yet a verb.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/the_public_domain.james_boyle.sst-551-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/the_public_domain.james_boyle.sst-1557-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/the_public_domain.james_boyle.sst:1558:The free and open source software movements have produced software that rivals or, some claim, exceeds the capabilities of conventional proprietary, binary-only software.~{See Bruce Brown, “Enterprise-Level Security Made Easy,” PC Magazine (January 15, 2002), 28; Jim Rapoza, “Open-Source Fever Spreads,” PC Week (December 13, 1999), 1.}~ Its adoption on the “enterprise level” is impressive, as is the number and enthusiasm of the various technical testaments to its strengths. You have almost certainly used open source software or been its beneficiary. Your favorite Web site or search engine may run on it. If your browser is Firefox, you use it every day. It powers surprising things around you—your ATM or your TiVo. The plane you are flying in may be running it. It just works.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/the_public_domain.james_boyle.sst-1559-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/gullivers_travels.jonathan_swift.sst-685-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/gullivers_travels.jonathan_swift.sst:686:At the centre of the island there is a chasm about fifty yards in diameter, whence the astronomers descend into a large dome, which is therefore called flandona gagnole, or the astronomer's cave, situated at the depth of a hundred yards beneath the upper surface of the adamant. In this cave are twenty lamps continually burning, which, from the reflection of the adamant, cast a strong light into every part. The place is stored with great variety of sextants, quadrants, telescopes, astrolabes, and other astronomical instruments. But the greatest curiosity, upon which the fate of the island depends, is a loadstone of a prodigious size, in shape resembling a weaver's shuttle. It is in length six yards, and in the thickest part at least three yards over. This magnet is sustained by a very strong axle of adamant passing through its middle, upon which it plays, and is poised so exactly that the weakest hand can turn it. It is hooped round with a hollow cylinder of adamant, four feet yards in diameter, placed horizontally, and supported by eight adamantine feet, each six yards high. In the middle of the concave side, there is a groove twelve inches deep, in which the extremities of the axle are lodged, and turned round as there is occasion.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/gullivers_travels.jonathan_swift.sst-687-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/free_for_all.peter_wayner.sst-353-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/free_for_all.peter_wayner.sst:354:In the past, I thought the project never developed into more than a cute toy because there was no market for it. The product wasn't readily useful for businesses, and no one starts a company without the hope that millions of folks desperately need a product. Projects needed programmers and programmers cost money. I just assumed that other free software projects would fall into the same chasm of lack of funding.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/free_for_all.peter_wayner.sst-355-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/free_for_all.peter_wayner.sst-472-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/free_for_all.peter_wayner.sst:473:Jolitz's project, of course, found many people on the Net who didn't think it was just a toy. Once he put the source code on the Net, a bloom of enthusiasm spread through the universities and waystations of the world. People wanted to experiment with a high-grade OS and most could only afford relatively cheap hardware like the 386. Sure, places like Berkeley could get the government grant money and the big corporate donations, but 2,000-plus other schools were stuck waiting. Jolitz's version of 386BSD struck a chord.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/free_for_all.peter_wayner.sst-474-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst-2981-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst:2982:"Go on," she said. "Sounds like a great opportunity." The sarcasm in her voice was unmistakable.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst-2983-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst-6207-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst:6208:"Brilliant," Ashok said, trying to force some enthusiasm into his voice, while inside he was quavering at the thought of Mala in the hands of Bannerjee.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst-6209-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst-6359-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst:6360:"Oh, this is /{all}/ being recorded." There was the sarcasm he'd been waiting for. He was getting under his skin. Right.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst-6361-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/democratizing_innovation.eric_von_hippel.sst-104-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/democratizing_innovation.eric_von_hippel.sst:105:In 1978 Jürgen Honscheid came over from West Germany for the first Hawaiian World Cup and discovered jumping, which was new to him, although Mike Horgan and I were jumping in 1974 and 1975. There was a new enthusiasm for jumping and we were all trying to outdo each other by jumping higher and higher. The problem was that . . . the riders flew off in mid-air because there was no way to keep the board with you---and as a result you hurt your feet, your legs, and the board.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/democratizing_innovation.eric_von_hippel.sst-106-={ Honscheid, J. ;
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/democratizing_innovation.eric_von_hippel.sst-1171-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/democratizing_innovation.eric_von_hippel.sst:1172:To compensate for the likely overstatement of expressed relative to actual WTP in our study, Franke and I conservatively deflated respondents' indicated willingness to pay by 80 percent. (Although the product in question was intended for private use, webmasters were talking about their willingness to spend company money, not their own money.) We asked each user who had indicated that he was not really satisfied with a function (i.e., whose satisfaction with the respective function was 4 or less on a 7-point scale, where 1 = not satisfied at all, and 7 = very satisfied) to estimate how much he would be willing to pay to get a very satisfactory solution regarding this function. After deflation, our sample of 137 webmasters said they were willing to pay $700,000 in aggregate to modify web server software to a point that fully satisfied them with respect to their security function needs. This amounts to an average of $5,232 total willingness to pay per respondent. This is a striking number because the price of commercial web server software similar to Apache's for one server was about $1,100 at the time of our study (source: www.sun.com, November 2001). If we assume that each webmaster was in charge of ten servers on average, this means that each webmaster was willing to pay half the price of a total server software package to get his heterogeneous needs for security features better satisfied.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/democratizing_innovation.eric_von_hippel.sst-1173-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/content.cory_doctorow.sst-283-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/content.cory_doctorow.sst:284:I would like to think that by the time this newest prodigy, Poesy Emmeline Fibonacci Nautilus Taylor Doctorow - you see what I mean about paternal enthusiasm - has reached Cory's age of truly advanced adolescence, the world will have recognized that there are better ways to regulate the economy of mind than pretending that its products are something like pig iron. But even if it hasn't, I am certain that the global human discourse will be less encumbered than it would have been had not Cory Doctorow blessed our current little chunk of space/time with his fierce endeavors.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/content.cory_doctorow.sst-285-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-282-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/accelerando.charles_stross.sst:283:"What you -" He stops dead, baffled, the mad flow of his enthusiasm running up against the coffer dam of her certainty. "Why? I mean, why? Why on earth should what I do matter to you?" /{Since you canceled our engagement}/, he doesn't add.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-284-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-496-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/accelerando.charles_stross.sst:497:She taps him on the chest. "It's all about property rights." She pauses for a moment's thought: There's a huge ideological chasm to bridge, after all. "You finally convinced me about this agalmic thing of yours, this giving everything away for brownie points. I wasn't going to lose you to a bunch of lobsters or uploaded kittens, or whatever else is going to inherit this smart-matter singularity you're busy creating. So I decided to take what's mine first. Who knows? In a few months, I'll give you back a new intelligence, and you can look after it to your heart's content."
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-498-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-1594-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/accelerando.charles_stross.sst:1595:A fraction of a light-second away, Amber locks a cluster of cursors together on the signal, trains them to track its Doppler shift, and reads off the orbital elements. "Locked and loaded," she mutters. The animated purple dinosaur pirouettes and prances in the middle of her viewport, throwing a diamond-tipped swizzle stick overhead. Sarcastically: "Big hug time! I got asteroid!" Cold gas thrusters bang somewhere behind her in the interstage docking ring, prodding the cumbersome farm ship round to orient on the Barney rock. She damps her enthusiasm self-consciously, her implants hungrily sequestrating surplus neurotransmitter molecules floating around her synapses before reuptake sets in. It doesn't do to get too excited in free flight. But the impulse to spin handstands, jump and sing is still there: It's her rock, and it loves her, and she's going to bring it to life.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-1596-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-3086-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/accelerando.charles_stross.sst:3087:Somewhat more disturbing is the ghost's assertion that the human genotype has rendered itself extinct at least twice, that its home planet is unknown, and that Amber is nearly the only human left in the public archives. At this point, she interrupts. "I hardly see what this has to do with me!" Then she blows across her coffee glass, trying to cool the contents. "I'm dead," she explains, with an undertone of knowing sarcasm in her voice. "Remember? I just got here. A thousand seconds ago, subjective time, I was in the control node of a starship, discussing what to do with the router we were in orbit around. We agreed to send ourselves through it, as a trade mission. Then I woke up in bed here in the umpty-zillionth century, wherever and whatever /{here}/ is. Without access to any reality ackles or augmentation, I can't even tell whether this is real or an embedded simulation. You're going to have to explain /{why}/ you need an old version of me before I can make sense of my situation - and I can tell you, I'm not going to help you until I know who you are. And speaking of that, what about the others? Where are they? I wasn't the only one, you know?"
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-3088-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-4766-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/accelerando.charles_stross.sst:4767:_1 Sirhan al-Khurasani despises them with the abstract contempt of an antiquarian for a cunning but ultimately transparent forgery. But Sirhan is young, and he's got more contempt than he knows what to do with. It's a handy outlet for his frustration. He has a lot to be frustrated at, starting with his intermittently dysfunctional family, the elderly stars around whom his planet whizzes in chaotic trajectories of enthusiasm and distaste.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/by/samples_by_language/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-4768-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-282-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/accelerando.charles_stross.sst:283:"What you -" He stops dead, baffled, the mad flow of his enthusiasm running up against the coffer dam of her certainty. "Why? I mean, why? Why on earth should what I do matter to you?" /{Since you canceled our engagement}/, he doesn't add.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-284-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-496-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/accelerando.charles_stross.sst:497:She taps him on the chest. "It's all about property rights." She pauses for a moment's thought: There's a huge ideological chasm to bridge, after all. "You finally convinced me about this agalmic thing of yours, this giving everything away for brownie points. I wasn't going to lose you to a bunch of lobsters or uploaded kittens, or whatever else is going to inherit this smart-matter singularity you're busy creating. So I decided to take what's mine first. Who knows? In a few months, I'll give you back a new intelligence, and you can look after it to your heart's content."
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-498-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-1594-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/accelerando.charles_stross.sst:1595:A fraction of a light-second away, Amber locks a cluster of cursors together on the signal, trains them to track its Doppler shift, and reads off the orbital elements. "Locked and loaded," she mutters. The animated purple dinosaur pirouettes and prances in the middle of her viewport, throwing a diamond-tipped swizzle stick overhead. Sarcastically: "Big hug time! I got asteroid!" Cold gas thrusters bang somewhere behind her in the interstage docking ring, prodding the cumbersome farm ship round to orient on the Barney rock. She damps her enthusiasm self-consciously, her implants hungrily sequestrating surplus neurotransmitter molecules floating around her synapses before reuptake sets in. It doesn't do to get too excited in free flight. But the impulse to spin handstands, jump and sing is still there: It's her rock, and it loves her, and she's going to bring it to life.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-1596-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-3086-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/accelerando.charles_stross.sst:3087:Somewhat more disturbing is the ghost's assertion that the human genotype has rendered itself extinct at least twice, that its home planet is unknown, and that Amber is nearly the only human left in the public archives. At this point, she interrupts. "I hardly see what this has to do with me!" Then she blows across her coffee glass, trying to cool the contents. "I'm dead," she explains, with an undertone of knowing sarcasm in her voice. "Remember? I just got here. A thousand seconds ago, subjective time, I was in the control node of a starship, discussing what to do with the router we were in orbit around. We agreed to send ourselves through it, as a trade mission. Then I woke up in bed here in the umpty-zillionth century, wherever and whatever /{here}/ is. Without access to any reality ackles or augmentation, I can't even tell whether this is real or an embedded simulation. You're going to have to explain /{why}/ you need an old version of me before I can make sense of my situation - and I can tell you, I'm not going to help you until I know who you are. And speaking of that, what about the others? Where are they? I wasn't the only one, you know?"
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-3088-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-4766-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/accelerando.charles_stross.sst:4767:_1 Sirhan al-Khurasani despises them with the abstract contempt of an antiquarian for a cunning but ultimately transparent forgery. But Sirhan is young, and he's got more contempt than he knows what to do with. It's a handy outlet for his frustration. He has a lot to be frustrated at, starting with his intermittently dysfunctional family, the elderly stars around whom his planet whizzes in chaotic trajectories of enthusiasm and distaste.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-4768-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/content.cory_doctorow.sst-283-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/content.cory_doctorow.sst:284:I would like to think that by the time this newest prodigy, Poesy Emmeline Fibonacci Nautilus Taylor Doctorow - you see what I mean about paternal enthusiasm - has reached Cory's age of truly advanced adolescence, the world will have recognized that there are better ways to regulate the economy of mind than pretending that its products are something like pig iron. But even if it hasn't, I am certain that the global human discourse will be less encumbered than it would have been had not Cory Doctorow blessed our current little chunk of space/time with his fierce endeavors.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/content.cory_doctorow.sst-285-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/democratizing_innovation.eric_von_hippel.sst-104-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/democratizing_innovation.eric_von_hippel.sst:105:In 1978 Jürgen Honscheid came over from West Germany for the first Hawaiian World Cup and discovered jumping, which was new to him, although Mike Horgan and I were jumping in 1974 and 1975. There was a new enthusiasm for jumping and we were all trying to outdo each other by jumping higher and higher. The problem was that . . . the riders flew off in mid-air because there was no way to keep the board with you---and as a result you hurt your feet, your legs, and the board.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/democratizing_innovation.eric_von_hippel.sst-106-={ Honscheid, J. ;
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/democratizing_innovation.eric_von_hippel.sst-1171-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/democratizing_innovation.eric_von_hippel.sst:1172:To compensate for the likely overstatement of expressed relative to actual WTP in our study, Franke and I conservatively deflated respondents' indicated willingness to pay by 80 percent. (Although the product in question was intended for private use, webmasters were talking about their willingness to spend company money, not their own money.) We asked each user who had indicated that he was not really satisfied with a function (i.e., whose satisfaction with the respective function was 4 or less on a 7-point scale, where 1 = not satisfied at all, and 7 = very satisfied) to estimate how much he would be willing to pay to get a very satisfactory solution regarding this function. After deflation, our sample of 137 webmasters said they were willing to pay $700,000 in aggregate to modify web server software to a point that fully satisfied them with respect to their security function needs. This amounts to an average of $5,232 total willingness to pay per respondent. This is a striking number because the price of commercial web server software similar to Apache's for one server was about $1,100 at the time of our study (source: www.sun.com, November 2001). If we assume that each webmaster was in charge of ten servers on average, this means that each webmaster was willing to pay half the price of a total server software package to get his heterogeneous needs for security features better satisfied.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/democratizing_innovation.eric_von_hippel.sst-1173-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst-2981-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst:2982:"Go on," she said. "Sounds like a great opportunity." The sarcasm in her voice was unmistakable.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst-2983-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst-6207-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst:6208:"Brilliant," Ashok said, trying to force some enthusiasm into his voice, while inside he was quavering at the thought of Mala in the hands of Bannerjee.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst-6209-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst-6359-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst:6360:"Oh, this is /{all}/ being recorded." There was the sarcasm he'd been waiting for. He was getting under his skin. Right.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst-6361-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/free_for_all.peter_wayner.sst-353-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/free_for_all.peter_wayner.sst:354:In the past, I thought the project never developed into more than a cute toy because there was no market for it. The product wasn't readily useful for businesses, and no one starts a company without the hope that millions of folks desperately need a product. Projects needed programmers and programmers cost money. I just assumed that other free software projects would fall into the same chasm of lack of funding.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/free_for_all.peter_wayner.sst-355-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/free_for_all.peter_wayner.sst-472-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/free_for_all.peter_wayner.sst:473:Jolitz's project, of course, found many people on the Net who didn't think it was just a toy. Once he put the source code on the Net, a bloom of enthusiasm spread through the universities and waystations of the world. People wanted to experiment with a high-grade OS and most could only afford relatively cheap hardware like the 386. Sure, places like Berkeley could get the government grant money and the big corporate donations, but 2,000-plus other schools were stuck waiting. Jolitz's version of 386BSD struck a chord.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/free_for_all.peter_wayner.sst-474-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/gullivers_travels.jonathan_swift.sst-685-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/gullivers_travels.jonathan_swift.sst:686:At the centre of the island there is a chasm about fifty yards in diameter, whence the astronomers descend into a large dome, which is therefore called flandona gagnole, or the astronomer's cave, situated at the depth of a hundred yards beneath the upper surface of the adamant. In this cave are twenty lamps continually burning, which, from the reflection of the adamant, cast a strong light into every part. The place is stored with great variety of sextants, quadrants, telescopes, astrolabes, and other astronomical instruments. But the greatest curiosity, upon which the fate of the island depends, is a loadstone of a prodigious size, in shape resembling a weaver's shuttle. It is in length six yards, and in the thickest part at least three yards over. This magnet is sustained by a very strong axle of adamant passing through its middle, upon which it plays, and is poised so exactly that the weakest hand can turn it. It is hooped round with a hollow cylinder of adamant, four feet yards in diameter, placed horizontally, and supported by eight adamantine feet, each six yards high. In the middle of the concave side, there is a groove twelve inches deep, in which the extremities of the axle are lodged, and turned round as there is occasion.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/gullivers_travels.jonathan_swift.sst-687-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/the_public_domain.james_boyle.sst-549-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/the_public_domain.james_boyle.sst:550:Intellectual property was something quite different. It was occasionally covered in the business pages with the same enthusiasm devoted to changes in derivatives rules. Presented with the proposals in the Green and White Papers, the reporters went looking for opinions from the Software Publishers Association, the Recording Industry Association of America, or the Motion Picture Association of America. This was not bias or laziness—to whom else would they go? Who was on the “other side” of these issues? Remember, all of this occurred before Napster was a gleam in Sean Fanning’s eye. Sean Fanning was in middle school. Amazon.com was a new company and “Google” was not yet a verb.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/the_public_domain.james_boyle.sst-551-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/the_public_domain.james_boyle.sst-1557-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/the_public_domain.james_boyle.sst:1558:The free and open source software movements have produced software that rivals or, some claim, exceeds the capabilities of conventional proprietary, binary-only software.~{See Bruce Brown, “Enterprise-Level Security Made Easy,” PC Magazine (January 15, 2002), 28; Jim Rapoza, “Open-Source Fever Spreads,” PC Week (December 13, 1999), 1.}~ Its adoption on the “enterprise level” is impressive, as is the number and enthusiasm of the various technical testaments to its strengths. You have almost certainly used open source software or been its beneficiary. Your favorite Web site or search engine may run on it. If your browser is Firefox, you use it every day. It powers surprising things around you—your ATM or your TiVo. The plane you are flying in may be running it. It just works.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/the_public_domain.james_boyle.sst-1559-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst-3067-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst:3068:It is common today to think of the 1990s, out of which came the Supreme Court's opinion in /{Reno v. ACLU}/, as a time of naïve optimism about the Internet, expressing in political optimism the same enthusiasm that drove the stock market bubble, with the same degree of justifiability. An ideal liberal public sphere did not, in fact, burst into being from the Internet, fully grown like Athena from the forehead of Zeus. The detailed criticisms of the early claims about the democratizing effects of the Internet can be characterized as variants of five basic claims:
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst-3069-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst-3151-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst:3152:5. /{Digital divide.}/ While the Internet may increase the circle of participants in the public sphere, access to its tools is skewed in favor of those who already are well-off in society--in terms of wealth, race, and skills. I do not respond to this critique in this chapter. First, in the United States, this is less stark today than it was in the late 1990s. Computers and Internet connections are becoming cheaper and more widely available in public libraries and schools. As they become more central to life, they ,{[pg 237]}, seem to be reaching higher penetration rates, and growth rates among underrepresented groups are higher than the growth rate among the highly represented groups. The digital divide with regard to basic access within advanced economies is important as long as it persists, but seems to be a transitional problem. Moreover, it is important to recall that the democratizing effects of the Internet must be compared to democracy in the context of mass media, not in the context of an idealized utopia. Computer literacy and skills, while far from universal, are much more widely distributed than the skills and instruments of mass-media production. Second, I devote chapter 9 to the question of how and why the emergence specifically of nonmarket production provides new avenues for substantial improvements in equality of access to various desiderata that the market distributes unevenly, both within advanced economies and globally, where the maldistribution is much more acute. While the digital divide critique can therefore temper our enthusiasm for how radical the change represented by the networked information economy may be in terms of democracy, the networked information economy is itself an avenue for alleviating maldistribution.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst-3153-={ digital divide ;
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst-4310-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst:4311:PIPRA is a collaboration effort among public-sector universities and agricultural research institutes in the United States, aimed at managing their rights portfolio in a way that will give their own and other researchers freedom to operate in an institutional ecology increasingly populated by patents and other rights that make work difficult. The basic thesis and underlying problem that led to PIPRA's founding were expressed in an article in Science coauthored by fourteen university presidents.~{ Richard Atkinson et al., "Public Sector Collaboration for Agricultural IP Management," Science 301 (2003): 174. }~ They underscored the centrality of public-sector, land-grant university-based research to American agriculture, and the shift over the last twenty-five years toward increased use of intellectual property rules to cover basic discoveries and tools necessary for agricultural innovation. These strategies have been adopted by both commercial firms and, increasingly, by public-sector universities as the primary mechanism for technology transfer from the scientific institute to the commercializing firms. The problem they saw was that in agricultural research, ,{[pg 339]}, innovation was incremental. It relies on access to existing germplasm and crop varieties that, with each generation of innovation, brought with them an ever-increasing set of intellectual property claims that had to be licensed in order to obtain permission to innovate further. The universities decided to use the power that ownership over roughly 24 percent of the patents in agricultural biotechnology innovations provides them as a lever with which to unravel the patent thickets and to reduce the barriers to research that they increasingly found themselves dealing with. The main story, one might say the "founding myth" of PIPRA, was the story of golden rice. Golden rice is a variety of rice that was engineered to provide dietary vitamin A. It was developed with the hope that it could introduce vitamin A supplement to populations in which vitamin A deficiency causes roughly 500,000 cases of blindness a year and contributes to more than 2 million deaths a year. However, when it came to translating the research into deliverable plants, the developers encountered more than seventy patents in a number of countries and six materials transfer agreements that restricted the work and delayed it substantially. PIPRA was launched as an effort of public-sector universities to cooperate in achieving two core goals that would respond to this type of barrier--preserving the right to pursue applications to subsistence crops and other developing-world-related crops, and preserving their own freedom to operate vis-a-vis each other's patent portfolios.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst-4312-={ golden rice }
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-897-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:898:Geeks love allegories about the Protestant Reformation; they relish stories of Luther and Calvin, of property and iconoclasm, of reformation ,{[pg 67]}, over revolution. Allegories of Protestant revolt allow geeks to make sense of the relationship between the state (the monarchy), large corporations (the Catholic Church), the small start-ups, individual programmers, and adepts among whom they spend most of their time (Protestant reformers), and the laity (known as "lusers" and "sheeple"). It gives them a way to assert that they prefer reformation (to save capitalism from the capitalists) over revolution. Obviously, not all geeks tell stories of "religious wars" and the Protestant Reformation, but these images reappear often enough in conversations that most geeks will more or less instantly recognize them as a way of making sense of modern corporate, state, and political power in the arena of information technology: the figures of Pope, the Catholic Church, the Vatican, the monarchs of various nations, the laity, the rebel adepts like Luther and Calvin, as well as models of sectarianism, iconoclasm ("In the beginning was the Command Line"), politicoreligious power, and arcane theological argumentation.~{ Stephenson, In the Beginning Was the Command Line. }~ The allegories that unfold provide geeks a way to make sense of a similarly complex modern situation in which it is not the Church and the State that struggle, but the Corporation and the State; and what geeks struggle over are not matters of church doctrine and organization, but matters of information technology and its organization as intellectual property and economic motor. I stress here that this is not an analogy that I myself am making (though I happily make use of it), but is one that is in wide circulation among the geeks I study. To the historian or religious critic, it may seem incomplete, or absurd, or bizarre, but it still serves a specific function, and this is why I highlight it as one component of the practical and technical ideas of order that geeks share.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-899-={ Intellectual property ;
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-1552-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:1553:The movement, as a practice of discussion and argument, is made up of stories. It is a practice of storytelling: affect- and intellect-laden lore that orients existing participants toward a particular problem, contests other histories, parries attacks from outside, and draws in new recruits.~{ It is, in the terms of Actor Network Theory, a process of "enrollment" in which participants find ways to rhetorically align—and to disalign—their interests. It does not constitute the substance of their interest, however. See Latour, Science in Action; Callon, "Some Elements of a Sociology of Translation." }~ This includes proselytism and evangelism (and the usable pasts of protestant reformations, singularities, rebellion and iconoclasm are often salient here), whether for the reform of intellectual-property law or for the adoption of Linux in the trenches of corporate America. It includes both heartfelt allegiance in the name of social justice as well as political agnosticism stripped of all ideology.~{ Coleman, "Political Agnosticism." }~ Every time Free Software is introduced to someone, discussed in the media, analyzed in a scholarly work, or installed in a workplace, a story of either Free Software or Open Source is used to explain its purpose, its momentum, and its temporality. At the extremes are the prophets and proselytes themselves: Eric Raymond describes Open Source as an evolutionarily necessary outcome of the natural tendency of human societies toward economies of abundance, while Richard Stallman describes it as a defense of the fundamental freedoms of creativity and speech, using a variety of philosophical theories of liberty, justice, and the defense of freedom.~{ See, respectively, Raymond, The Cathedral and the Bazaar, and Williams, Free as in Freedom. }~ Even scholarly analyses must begin with a potted history drawn from the self-narration of geeks who make or advocate free software.~{ For example, Castells, The Internet Galaxy, and Weber, The Success of Open Source both tell versions of the same story of origins and development. }~ Indeed, as a methodological aside, one reason it is so easy to track such stories and narratives is because geeks like to tell and, more important, like to archive such stories—to create Web pages, definitions, encyclopedia entries, dictionaries, and mini-histories and to save every scrap of correspondence, every fight, and every resolution related to their activities. This "archival hubris" yields a very peculiar and specific kind of fieldsite: one in which a kind ,{[pg 115]}, of "as-it-happens" ethnographic observation is possible not only through "being there" in the moment but also by being there in the massive, proliferating archives of moments past. Understanding the movement as a changing entity requires constantly glancing back at its future promises and the conditions of their making.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-1554-={ Actor Network Theory ;
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-1652-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:1653:There is a certain irony about the computer, not often noted: the unrivaled power of the computer, if the ubiquitous claims are believed, rests on its general programmability; it can be made to do any calculation, in principle. The so-called universal Turing machine provides the mathematical proof.~{ Turing, "On Computable Numbers." See also Davis, Engines of Logic, for a basic explanation. }~ Despite the abstract power of such certainty, however, we do not live in the world of The Computer—we live in a world of computers. The hardware systems that manufacturers created from the 1950s onward were so specific and idiosyncratic that it was inconceivable that one might write a program for one machine and then simply run it on another. "Programming" became a bespoke practice, tailored to each new machine, and while programmers of a particular machine may well have shared programs with each other, they would not have seen much point in sharing with users of a different machine. Likewise, computer scientists shared mathematical descriptions of algorithms and ideas for automation with as much enthusiasm as corporations jealously guarded theirs, but this sharing, or secrecy, did not extend to the sharing of the program itself. The need to "rewrite" a program for each machine was not just a historical accident, but ,{[pg 122]}, was determined by the needs of designers and engineers and the vicissitudes of the market for such expensive machines.~{ Sharing programs makes sense in this period only in terms of user groups such as SHARE (IBM) and USE (DEC). These groups were indeed sharing source code and sharing programs they had written (see Akera, "Volunteerism and the Fruits of Collaboration"), but they were constituted around specific machines and manufacturers; brand loyalty and customization were familiar pursuits, but sharing source code across dissimilar computers was not. }~
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-1654-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-2247-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:2248:The Open Group, as well as many other participants in the history of open systems, recognize the emergence of "open source" as a return to the now one true path of boundaryless information flow. Eric Raymond, of course, sees continuity and renewal (not least of which in his own participation in the Open Source movement) and in his Art of UNIX Programming says, "The Open Source movement is building on this stable foundation and is creating a resurgence of enthusiasm for the UNIX philosophy. In many ways Open Source can be seen as the true delivery of Open Systems that will ensure it continues to go from strength to strength."~{ "What Is Unix?" The Unix System, http://www.unix.org/what_is_unix/history_timeline.html. }~
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-2249-={ Open Source }
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-3592-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:3593:I’m at dinner again. This time, a windowless hotel conference room in the basement maybe, or perhaps high up in the air. Lawyers, academics, activists, policy experts, and foundation people are semi-excitedly working their way through the hotel’s steam-table fare. I’m trying to tell a story to the assembled group—a story that I have heard Rich Baraniuk tell a hundred times—but I’m screwing it up. Rich always gets enthusiastic stares of wonder, light-bulbs going off everywhere, a subvocalized "Aha!" or a vigorous nod. I, on the other hand, am clearly making it too complicated. Faces and foreheads are squirmed up into lines of failed comprehension, people stare at the gravy-sodden food they’re soldiering through, weighing the option of taking another bite against listening to me complicate an already complicated world. I wouldn’t be doing this, except that Rich is on a plane, or in a taxi, delayed by snow or engineers or perhaps at an eponymous hotel in another city. Meanwhile, our co-organizer Laurie Racine, has somehow convinced herself that I have the childlike enthusiasm necessary to channel Rich. I’m flattered, but unconvinced. After about twenty minutes, so is she, and as I try to answer a question, she stops me and interjects, "Rich really needs to be here. He should really be telling this story."
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-3594-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-3835-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:3836:Glenn galvanized the project. With his background as a lawyer, and especially his keen interest in intellectual-property law, and his long-standing love of music of all kinds Glenn lent incredible enthusiasm to his work. Prior to joining Creative Commons, he had ,{[pg 265]}, clerked for the Hon. Stanley Marcus on the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals, in Miami, where he worked on the so-called Wind Done Gone case.~{ Suntrust v. Houghton Mifflin Co., U.S. Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals, 2001, 252 F. 3d 1165. }~ His participation in the workshop was an experiment of his own; he was working on a story that he would tell countless times and which would become one of the core examples of the kind of practice Creative Commons wanted to encourage.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-3837-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-4033-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:4034:These implications are not lost on the Connexions team, but neither are they understood as goals or as having simple solutions. There is a certain immodest, perhaps even reckless, enthusiasm surrounding these implications, an enthusiasm that can take both polymath and transhumanist forms. For instance, the destabilization of the contemporary textbook-publishing system that Connexions represents is (according to Rich) a more accurate way to represent the connections between concepts than a linear textbook format. Connexions thus represents a use of technology as an intervention into an existing context of practice. The fact that Connexions could also render the reliability or trustworthiness of scholarly knowledge unstable is sometimes discussed as an inevitable outcome of technical change—something that the world at large, not Connexions, must learn to deal with.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-4035-={ intervention, technology as ;
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-98-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:99:Self-styled commoners can now be found in dozens of nations around the world. They are locally rooted but internationally aware citizens of the Internet. They don’t just tolerate diversity (ethnic, cultural, aesthetic, intellectual), they celebrate it. Although commoners may have their personal affinities — free software, open-access publishing, remix music, or countless others — they tend to see themselves as part of a larger movement. They share an enthusiasm for innovation and change that burbles up from the bottom, and are known to roll their eyes at the thick-headedness of the mainstream media, which always seem to be a few steps behind.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-100-={ free software }
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-148-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:149:The commoners differ from most of their corporate brethren in their enthusiasm for sharing. They prefer to freely distribute their writing, music, and videos. As a general rule, they don’t like to encase their work in airtight bubbles of property rights reinforced by technological locks. They envision cyberspace more as a peaceable, sociable kingdom than as a take-no-prisoners market. They honor the individual while respecting community norms. They are enthusiastic about sharing while respecting the utility of markets. Idealistic yet pragmatic, they share a commitment to open platforms, social cooperation, and elemental human freedoms.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-150-={ commoners :
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-1253-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:1254:Since Lessig looms so large in this story, it is worth pausing to understand his roots. Raised by culturally conservative, rock-ribbed Republican parents in central Pennsylvania, Lessig was a bright kid with a deep enthusiasm for politics. “I grew up a right-wing lunatic Republican,” Lessig told journalist Steven Levy, noting that he once belonged to the National Teen Age Republicans, ran a candidate’s unsuccessful campaign for the Pennsylvania state senate, and attended the 1980 Republican National Convention, which nominated Ronald Reagan for president. Larry’s father, Jack, was an engineer who once built Minuteman missile silos in South Dakota (where Lessig was born in 1961), and who later bought a steelfabrication company in Williamsport, Pennsylvania.~{ Wikipedia entry, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lessig; Levy, “Lawrence Lessig’s Supreme Showdown.” }~
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-1255-={ Lessig, Lawrence :
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-2182-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:2183:“It was never really clear to me what was going to happen after we launched the licenses,” recalled Glenn Otis Brown. “Would our work be done?” The intense push to craft the licenses and release them now over, Brown and his colleagues were only too happy to ease up in their work. (Van Houweling had left in 2002 to teach law; she is now at the University of California at Berkeley.) Despite his enthusiasm for the licenses, Brown had his private doubts about their future success. “To be honest, I was pretty scared,” he said. “I was worried they were going to go nowhere, and that I was going to be blamed for that.”~{ Interview with Glenn Otis Brown, August 10, 2006. }~
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-2184-={ Brown, Glenn Otis :
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-2488-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:2489:The Web 2.0 environment was quite hospitable for the spread of the CC licenses. It enabled people to signal their willingness to share and their enthusiasm for cool niche fare as opposed to massaudience kitsch.Members of online communities could confidently share their work on wikis and collaborative Web sites, knowing that no one could appropriate their content and take it private. Socially, the licenses let people announce their social identity to others and build a countercultural ethos of sharing. The ethos became hipper and more attractive with every new antipiracy measure that Centralized Media instigated.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-2490-={ Web 2.0 :
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-3462-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:3463:Although most international commoners seem to be culturally progressive and politically engaged, they cannot be situated along a left-right ideological spectrum. This is because commoners tend to be more pragmatic and improvisational than ideological. They are focused on building specific projects to facilitate sharing and creativity, based on open-source principles. Their enthusiasm is for cool software, effective legal interventions, and activist innovations, not sectarian debate.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-3464-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-3758-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:3759:A more penetrating brand of criticism has come from the South, which fears that the West’s newfound enthusiasm for the commons may not necessarily benefit the people of developing nations; indeed, it could simply legitimate new thefts of their shared resources. In an important 2004 law review article, “The Romance of the Public Domain,” law professors Anupam Chander and Madhavi Sunder argue that “public domain advocates seem to accept that because a resource is open to all by force of law, that resource will indeed be exploited by all. In practice, however, differing circumstances — including knowledge, wealth, power and ability — render some better able than others to exploit a commons. We describe this popular scholarly conception of the commons as ‘romantic.’ . . . It is celebratory, even euphoric, about the emancipatory potential of the commons. But it is also naïve, idealistic and removed from reality.”~{ Anupam Chander and Madhavi Sunder, “The Romance of the Public Domain,” California Law Review 92, no. 1131 (2004), p. 1341. }~
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/current/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-3760-={ Chander, Anupam +2 ;
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-282-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/accelerando.charles_stross.sst:283:"What you -" He stops dead, baffled, the mad flow of his enthusiasm running up against the coffer dam of her certainty. "Why? I mean, why? Why on earth should what I do matter to you?" /{Since you canceled our engagement}/, he doesn't add.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-284-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-496-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/accelerando.charles_stross.sst:497:She taps him on the chest. "It's all about property rights." She pauses for a moment's thought: There's a huge ideological chasm to bridge, after all. "You finally convinced me about this agalmic thing of yours, this giving everything away for brownie points. I wasn't going to lose you to a bunch of lobsters or uploaded kittens, or whatever else is going to inherit this smart-matter singularity you're busy creating. So I decided to take what's mine first. Who knows? In a few months, I'll give you back a new intelligence, and you can look after it to your heart's content."
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-498-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-1594-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/accelerando.charles_stross.sst:1595:A fraction of a light-second away, Amber locks a cluster of cursors together on the signal, trains them to track its Doppler shift, and reads off the orbital elements. "Locked and loaded," she mutters. The animated purple dinosaur pirouettes and prances in the middle of her viewport, throwing a diamond-tipped swizzle stick overhead. Sarcastically: "Big hug time! I got asteroid!" Cold gas thrusters bang somewhere behind her in the interstage docking ring, prodding the cumbersome farm ship round to orient on the Barney rock. She damps her enthusiasm self-consciously, her implants hungrily sequestrating surplus neurotransmitter molecules floating around her synapses before reuptake sets in. It doesn't do to get too excited in free flight. But the impulse to spin handstands, jump and sing is still there: It's her rock, and it loves her, and she's going to bring it to life.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-1596-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-3086-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/accelerando.charles_stross.sst:3087:Somewhat more disturbing is the ghost's assertion that the human genotype has rendered itself extinct at least twice, that its home planet is unknown, and that Amber is nearly the only human left in the public archives. At this point, she interrupts. "I hardly see what this has to do with me!" Then she blows across her coffee glass, trying to cool the contents. "I'm dead," she explains, with an undertone of knowing sarcasm in her voice. "Remember? I just got here. A thousand seconds ago, subjective time, I was in the control node of a starship, discussing what to do with the router we were in orbit around. We agreed to send ourselves through it, as a trade mission. Then I woke up in bed here in the umpty-zillionth century, wherever and whatever /{here}/ is. Without access to any reality ackles or augmentation, I can't even tell whether this is real or an embedded simulation. You're going to have to explain /{why}/ you need an old version of me before I can make sense of my situation - and I can tell you, I'm not going to help you until I know who you are. And speaking of that, what about the others? Where are they? I wasn't the only one, you know?"
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-3088-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-4766-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/accelerando.charles_stross.sst:4767:_1 Sirhan al-Khurasani despises them with the abstract contempt of an antiquarian for a cunning but ultimately transparent forgery. But Sirhan is young, and he's got more contempt than he knows what to do with. It's a handy outlet for his frustration. He has a lot to be frustrated at, starting with his intermittently dysfunctional family, the elderly stars around whom his planet whizzes in chaotic trajectories of enthusiasm and distaste.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-4768-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/content.cory_doctorow.sst-279-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/content.cory_doctorow.sst:280:I would like to think that by the time this newest prodigy, Poesy Emmeline Fibonacci Nautilus Taylor Doctorow - you see what I mean about paternal enthusiasm - has reached Cory's age of truly advanced adolescence, the world will have recognized that there are better ways to regulate the economy of mind than pretending that its products are something like pig iron. But even if it hasn't, I am certain that the global human discourse will be less encumbered than it would have been had not Cory Doctorow blessed our current little chunk of space/time with his fierce endeavors.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/content.cory_doctorow.sst-281-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/democratizing_innovation.eric_von_hippel.sst-89-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/democratizing_innovation.eric_von_hippel.sst:90:In 1978 Jürgen Honscheid came over from West Germany for the first Hawaiian World Cup and discovered jumping, which was new to him, although Mike Horgan and I were jumping in 1974 and 1975. There was a new enthusiasm for jumping and we were all trying to outdo each other by jumping higher and higher. The problem was that . . . the riders flew off in mid-air because there was no way to keep the board with you---and as a result you hurt your feet, your legs, and the board.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/democratizing_innovation.eric_von_hippel.sst-91-={Honscheid, J.;Horgan, M.}
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/democratizing_innovation.eric_von_hippel.sst-777-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/democratizing_innovation.eric_von_hippel.sst:778:To compensate for the likely overstatement of expressed relative to actual WTP in our study, Franke and I conservatively deflated respondents' indicated willingness to pay by 80 percent. (Although the product in question was intended for private use, webmasters were talking about their willingness to spend company money, not their own money.) We asked each user who had indicated that he was not really satisfied with a function (i.e., whose satisfaction with the respective function was 4 or less on a 7-point scale, where 1 = not satisfied at all, and 7 = very satisfied) to estimate how much he would be willing to pay to get a very satisfactory solution regarding this function. After deflation, our sample of 137 webmasters said they were willing to pay $700,000 in aggregate to modify web server software to a point that fully satisfied them with respect to their security function needs. This amounts to an average of $5,232 total willingness to pay per respondent. This is a striking number because the price of commercial web server software similar to Apache's for one server was about $1,100 at the time of our study (source: www.sun.com, November 2001). If we assume that each webmaster was in charge of ten servers on average, this means that each webmaster was willing to pay half the price of a total server software package to get his heterogeneous needs for security features better satisfied.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/democratizing_innovation.eric_von_hippel.sst-779-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst-2982-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst:2983:"Go on," she said. "Sounds like a great opportunity." The sarcasm in her voice was unmistakable.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst-2984-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst-6208-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst:6209:"Brilliant," Ashok said, trying to force some enthusiasm into his voice, while inside he was quavering at the thought of Mala in the hands of Bannerjee.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst-6210-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst-6360-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst:6361:"Oh, this is /{all}/ being recorded." There was the sarcasm he'd been waiting for. He was getting under his skin. Right.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst-6362-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/free_for_all.peter_wayner.sst-353-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/free_for_all.peter_wayner.sst:354:In the past, I thought the project never developed into more than a cute toy because there was no market for it. The product wasn't readily useful for businesses, and no one starts a company without the hope that millions of folks desperately need a product. Projects needed programmers and programmers cost money. I just assumed that other free software projects would fall into the same chasm of lack of funding.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/free_for_all.peter_wayner.sst-355-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/free_for_all.peter_wayner.sst-472-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/free_for_all.peter_wayner.sst:473:Jolitz's project, of course, found many people on the Net who didn't think it was just a toy. Once he put the source code on the Net, a bloom of enthusiasm spread through the universities and waystations of the world. People wanted to experiment with a high-grade OS and most could only afford relatively cheap hardware like the 386. Sure, places like Berkeley could get the government grant money and the big corporate donations, but 2,000-plus other schools were stuck waiting. Jolitz's version of 386BSD struck a chord.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/free_for_all.peter_wayner.sst-474-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/gullivers_travels.jonathan_swift.sst-685-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/gullivers_travels.jonathan_swift.sst:686:At the centre of the island there is a chasm about fifty yards in diameter, whence the astronomers descend into a large dome, which is therefore called flandona gagnole, or the astronomer's cave, situated at the depth of a hundred yards beneath the upper surface of the adamant. In this cave are twenty lamps continually burning, which, from the reflection of the adamant, cast a strong light into every part. The place is stored with great variety of sextants, quadrants, telescopes, astrolabes, and other astronomical instruments. But the greatest curiosity, upon which the fate of the island depends, is a loadstone of a prodigious size, in shape resembling a weaver's shuttle. It is in length six yards, and in the thickest part at least three yards over. This magnet is sustained by a very strong axle of adamant passing through its middle, upon which it plays, and is poised so exactly that the weakest hand can turn it. It is hooped round with a hollow cylinder of adamant, four feet yards in diameter, placed horizontally, and supported by eight adamantine feet, each six yards high. In the middle of the concave side, there is a groove twelve inches deep, in which the extremities of the axle are lodged, and turned round as there is occasion.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/gullivers_travels.jonathan_swift.sst-687-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/the_public_domain.james_boyle.sst-549-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/the_public_domain.james_boyle.sst:550:Intellectual property was something quite different. It was occasionally covered in the business pages with the same enthusiasm devoted to changes in derivatives rules. Presented with the proposals in the Green and White Papers, the reporters went looking for opinions from the Software Publishers Association, the Recording Industry Association of America, or the Motion Picture Association of America. This was not bias or laziness—to whom else would they go? Who was on the “other side” of these issues? Remember, all of this occurred before Napster was a gleam in Sean Fanning’s eye. Sean Fanning was in middle school. Amazon.com was a new company and “Google” was not yet a verb.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/the_public_domain.james_boyle.sst-551-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/the_public_domain.james_boyle.sst-1557-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/the_public_domain.james_boyle.sst:1558:The free and open source software movements have produced software that rivals or, some claim, exceeds the capabilities of conventional proprietary, binary-only software.~{See Bruce Brown, “Enterprise-Level Security Made Easy,” PC Magazine (January 15, 2002), 28; Jim Rapoza, “Open-Source Fever Spreads,” PC Week (December 13, 1999), 1.}~ Its adoption on the “enterprise level” is impressive, as is the number and enthusiasm of the various technical testaments to its strengths. You have almost certainly used open source software or been its beneficiary. Your favorite Web site or search engine may run on it. If your browser is Firefox, you use it every day. It powers surprising things around you—your ATM or your TiVo. The plane you are flying in may be running it. It just works.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/the_public_domain.james_boyle.sst-1559-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst-1278-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst:1279:It is common today to think of the 1990s, out of which came the Supreme Court's opinion in /{Reno v. ACLU}/, as a time of naïve optimism about the Internet, expressing in political optimism the same enthusiasm that drove the stock market bubble, with the same degree of justifiability. An ideal liberal public sphere did not, in fact, burst into being from the Internet, fully grown like Athena from the forehead of Zeus. The detailed criticisms of the early claims about the democratizing effects of the Internet can be characterized as variants of five basic claims:
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst-1280-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst-1306-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst:1307:5. /{Digital divide.}/ While the Internet may increase the circle of participants in the public sphere, access to its tools is skewed in favor of those who already are well-off in society--in terms of wealth, race, and skills. I do not respond to this critique in this chapter. First, in the United States, this is less stark today than it was in the late 1990s. Computers and Internet connections are becoming cheaper and more widely available in public libraries and schools. As they become more central to life, they ,{[pg 237]}, seem to be reaching higher penetration rates, and growth rates among underrepresented groups are higher than the growth rate among the highly represented groups. The digital divide with regard to basic access within advanced economies is important as long as it persists, but seems to be a transitional problem. Moreover, it is important to recall that the democratizing effects of the Internet must be compared to democracy in the context of mass media, not in the context of an idealized utopia. Computer literacy and skills, while far from universal, are much more widely distributed than the skills and instruments of mass-media production. Second, I devote chapter 9 to the question of how and why the emergence specifically of nonmarket production provides new avenues for substantial improvements in equality of access to various desiderata that the market distributes unevenly, both within advanced economies and globally, where the maldistribution is much more acute. While the digital divide critique can therefore temper our enthusiasm for how radical the change represented by the networked information economy may be in terms of democracy, the networked information economy is itself an avenue for alleviating maldistribution.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst-1308-={digital divide;human welfare:digital divide;welfare:digital divide}
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst-1857-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst:1858:PIPRA is a collaboration effort among public-sector universities and agricultural research institutes in the United States, aimed at managing their rights portfolio in a way that will give their own and other researchers freedom to operate in an institutional ecology increasingly populated by patents and other rights that make work difficult. The basic thesis and underlying problem that led to PIPRA's founding were expressed in an article in Science coauthored by fourteen university presidents.~{ Richard Atkinson et al., "Public Sector Collaboration for Agricultural IP Management," Science 301 (2003): 174. }~ They underscored the centrality of public-sector, land-grant university-based research to American agriculture, and the shift over the last twenty-five years toward increased use of intellectual property rules to cover basic discoveries and tools necessary for agricultural innovation. These strategies have been adopted by both commercial firms and, increasingly, by public-sector universities as the primary mechanism for technology transfer from the scientific institute to the commercializing firms. The problem they saw was that in agricultural research, ,{[pg 339]}, innovation was incremental. It relies on access to existing germplasm and crop varieties that, with each generation of innovation, brought with them an ever-increasing set of intellectual property claims that had to be licensed in order to obtain permission to innovate further. The universities decided to use the power that ownership over roughly 24 percent of the patents in agricultural biotechnology innovations provides them as a lever with which to unravel the patent thickets and to reduce the barriers to research that they increasingly found themselves dealing with. The main story, one might say the "founding myth" of PIPRA, was the story of golden rice. Golden rice is a variety of rice that was engineered to provide dietary vitamin A. It was developed with the hope that it could introduce vitamin A supplement to populations in which vitamin A deficiency causes roughly 500,000 cases of blindness a year and contributes to more than 2 million deaths a year. However, when it came to translating the research into deliverable plants, the developers encountered more than seventy patents in a number of countries and six materials transfer agreements that restricted the work and delayed it substantially. PIPRA was launched as an effort of public-sector universities to cooperate in achieving two core goals that would respond to this type of barrier--preserving the right to pursue applications to subsistence crops and other developing-world-related crops, and preserving their own freedom to operate vis-a-vis each other's patent portfolios.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst-1859-={golden rice}
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-584-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:585:Geeks love allegories about the Protestant Reformation; they relish stories of Luther and Calvin, of popery and iconoclasm, of reformation ,{[pg 67]}, over revolution. Allegories of Protestant revolt allow geeks to make sense of the relationship between the state (the monarchy), large corporations (the Catholic Church), the small start-ups, individual programmers, and adepts among whom they spend most of their time (Protestant reformers), and the laity (known as "lusers" and "sheeple"). It gives them a way to assert that they prefer reformation (to save capitalism from the capitalists) over revolution. Obviously, not all geeks tell stories of "religious wars" and the Protestant Reformation, but these images reappear often enough in conversations that most geeks will more or less instantly recognize them as a way of making sense of modern corporate, state, and political power in the arena of information technology: the figures of Pope, the Catholic Church, the Vatican, the monarchs of various nations, the laity, the rebel adepts like Luther and Calvin, as well as models of sectarianism, iconoclasm ("In the beginning was the Command Line"), politicoreligious power, and arcane theological argumentation.~{ Stephenson, In the Beginning Was the Command Line. }~ The allegories that unfold provide geeks a way to make sense of a similarly complex modern situation in which it is not the Church and the State that struggle, but the Corporation and the State; and what geeks struggle over are not matters of church doctrine and organization, but matters of information technology and its organization as intellectual property and economic motor. I stress here that this is not an analogy that I myself am making (though I happily make use of it), but is one that is in wide circulation among the geeks I study. To the historian or religious critic, it may seem incomplete, or absurd, or bizarre, but it still serves a specific function, and this is why I highlight it as one component of the practical and technical ideas of order that geeks share.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-586-={Intellectual property;Luther, Martin+15;reformation vs. revolution;religious wars+5}
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-1013-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:1014:The movement, as a practice of discussion and argument, is made up of stories. It is a practice of storytelling: affect- and intellect-laden lore that orients existing participants toward a particular problem, contests other histories, parries attacks from outside, and draws in new recruits.~{ It is, in the terms of Actor Network Theory, a process of "enrollment" in which participants find ways to rhetorically align—and to disalign—their interests. It does not constitute the substance of their interest, however. See Latour, Science in Action; Callon, "Some Elements of a Sociology of Translation." }~ This includes proselytism and evangelism (and the usable pasts of protestant reformations, singularities, rebellion and iconoclasm are often salient here), whether for the reform of intellectual-property law or for the adoption of Linux in the trenches of corporate America. It includes both heartfelt allegiance in the name of social justice as well as political agnosticism stripped of all ideology.~{ Coleman, "Political Agnosticism." }~ Every time Free Software is introduced to someone, discussed in the media, analyzed in a scholarly work, or installed in a workplace, a story of either Free Software or Open Source is used to explain its purpose, its momentum, and its temporality. At the extremes are the prophets and proselytes themselves: Eric Raymond describes Open Source as an evolutionarily necessary outcome of the natural tendency of human societies toward economies of abundance, while Richard Stallman describes it as a defense of the fundamental freedoms of creativity and speech, using a variety of philosophical theories of liberty, justice, and the defense of freedom.~{ See, respectively, Raymond, The Cathedral and the Bazaar, and Williams, Free as in Freedom. }~ Even scholarly analyses must begin with a potted history drawn from the self-narration of geeks who make or advocate free software.~{ For example, Castells, The Internet Galaxy, and Weber, The Success of Open Source both tell versions of the same story of origins and development. }~ Indeed, as a methodological aside, one reason it is so easy to track such stories and narratives is because geeks like to tell and, more important, like to archive such stories—to create Web pages, definitions, encyclopedia entries, dictionaries, and mini-histories and to save every scrap of correspondence, every fight, and every resolution related to their activities. This "archival hubris" yields a very peculiar and specific kind of fieldsite: one in which a kind ,{[pg 115]}, of "as-it-happens" ethnographic observation is possible not only through "being there" in the moment but also by being there in the massive, proliferating archives of moments past. Understanding the movement as a changing entity requires constantly glancing back at its future promises and the conditions of their making.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-1015-={Actor Network Theory;allegory, of Protestant Reformation;ethnography+1;geeks:self-representation+1;practices:"archival hubris"|stories as;Raymond, Eric Steven;Stallman, Richard}
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-1061-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:1062:There is a certain irony about the computer, not often noted: the unrivaled power of the computer, if the ubiquitous claims are believed, rests on its general programmability; it can be made to do any calculation, in principle. The so-called universal Turing machine provides the mathematical proof.~{ Turing, "On Computable Numbers." See also Davis, Engines of Logic, for a basic explanation. }~ Despite the abstract power of such certainty, however, we do not live in the world of The Computer—we live in a world of computers. The hardware systems that manufacturers created from the 1950s onward were so specific and idiosyncratic that it was inconceivable that one might write a program for one machine and then simply run it on another. "Programming" became a bespoke practice, tailored to each new machine, and while programmers of a particular machine may well have shared programs with each other, they would not have seen much point in sharing with users of a different machine. Likewise, computer scientists shared mathematical descriptions of algorithms and ideas for automation with as much enthusiasm as corporations jealously guarded theirs, but this sharing, or secrecy, did not extend to the sharing of the program itself. The need to "rewrite" a program for each machine was not just a historical accident, but ,{[pg 122]}, was determined by the needs of designers and engineers and the vicissitudes of the market for such expensive machines.~{ Sharing programs makes sense in this period only in terms of user groups such as SHARE (IBM) and USE (DEC). These groups were indeed sharing source code and sharing programs they had written (see Akera, "Volunteerism and the Fruits of Collaboration"), but they were constituted around specific machines and manufacturers; brand loyalty and customization were familiar pursuits, but sharing source code across dissimilar computers was not. }~
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-1063-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-1412-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:1413:The Open Group, as well as many other participants in the history of open systems, recognize the emergence of "open source" as a return to the now one true path of boundaryless information flow. Eric Raymond, of course, sees continuity and renewal (not least of which in his own participation in the Open Source movement) and in his Art of UNIX Programming says, "The Open Source movement is building on this stable foundation and is creating a resurgence of enthusiasm for the UNIX philosophy. In many ways Open Source can be seen as the true delivery of Open Systems that will ensure it continues to go from strength to strength."~{ "What Is Unix?" The Unix System, http://www.unix.org/what_is_unix/history_timeline.html. }~
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-1414-={Open Source}
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-2181-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:2182:I’m at dinner again. This time, a windowless hotel conference room in the basement maybe, or perhaps high up in the air. Lawyers, academics, activists, policy experts, and foundation people are semi-excitedly working their way through the hotel’s steam-table fare. I’m trying to tell a story to the assembled group—a story that I have heard Rich Baraniuk tell a hundred times—but I’m screwing it up. Rich always gets enthusiastic stares of wonder, light-bulbs going off everywhere, a subvocalized "Aha!" or a vigorous nod. I, on the other hand, am clearly making it too complicated. Faces and foreheads are squirmed up into lines of failed comprehension, people stare at the gravy-sodden food they’re soldiering through, weighing the option of taking another bite against listening to me complicate an already complicated world. I wouldn’t be doing this, except that Rich is on a plane, or in a taxi, delayed by snow or engineers or perhaps at an eponymous hotel in another city. Meanwhile, our co-organizer Laurie Racine, has somehow convinced herself that I have the childlike enthusiasm necessary to channel Rich. I’m flattered, but unconvinced. After about twenty minutes, so is she, and as I try to answer a question, she stops me and interjects, "Rich really needs to be here. He should really be telling this story."
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-2183-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-2306-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:2307:Glenn galvanized the project. With his background as a lawyer, and especially his keen interest in intellectual-property law, and his long-standing love of music of all kinds Glenn lent incredible enthusiasm to his work. Prior to joining Creative Commons, he had ,{[pg 265]}, clerked for the Hon. Stanley Marcus on the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals, in Miami, where he worked on the so-called Wind Done Gone case.~{ Suntrust v. Houghton Mifflin Co., U.S. Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals, 2001, 252 F. 3d 1165. }~ His participation in the workshop was an experiment of his own; he was working on a story that he would tell countless times and which would become one of the core examples of the kind of practice Creative Commons wanted to encourage.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-2308-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-2407-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:2408:These implications are not lost on the Connexions team, but neither are they understood as goals or as having simple solutions. There is a certain immodest, perhaps even reckless, enthusiasm surrounding these implications, an enthusiasm that can take both polymath and transhumanist forms. For instance, the destabilization of the contemporary textbook-publishing system that Connexions represents is (according to Rich) a more accurate way to represent the connections between concepts than a linear textbook format. Connexions thus represents a use of technology as an intervention into an existing context of practice. The fact that Connexions could also render the reliability or trustworthiness of scholarly knowledge unstable is sometimes discussed as an inevitable outcome of technical change—something that the world at large, not Connexions, must learn to deal with.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-2409-={intervention, technology as;polymaths;transhumanism}
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-89-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:90:Self-styled commoners can now be found in dozens of nations around the world. They are locally rooted but internationally aware citizens of the Internet. They don’t just tolerate diversity (ethnic, cultural, aesthetic, intellectual), they celebrate it. Although commoners may have their personal affinities — free software, open-access publishing, remix music, or countless others — they tend to see themselves as part of a larger movement. They share an enthusiasm for innovation and change that burbles up from the bottom, and are known to roll their eyes at the thick-headedness of the mainstream media, which always seem to be a few steps behind.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-91-={free software}
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-125-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:126:The commoners differ from most of their corporate brethren in their enthusiasm for sharing. They prefer to freely distribute their writing, music, and videos. As a general rule, they don’t like to encase their work in airtight bubbles of property rights reinforced by technological locks. They envision cyberspace more as a peaceable, sociable kingdom than as a take-no-prisoners market. They honor the individual while respecting community norms. They are enthusiastic about sharing while respecting the utility of markets. Idealistic yet pragmatic, they share a commitment to open platforms, social cooperation, and elemental human freedoms.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-127-={commoners:sharing by+1}
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-739-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:740:Since Lessig looms so large in this story, it is worth pausing to understand his roots. Raised by culturally conservative, rock-ribbed Republican parents in central Pennsylvania, Lessig was a bright kid with a deep enthusiasm for politics. “I grew up a right-wing lunatic Republican,” Lessig told journalist Steven Levy, noting that he once belonged to the National Teen Age Republicans, ran a candidate’s unsuccessful campaign for the Pennsylvania state senate, and attended the 1980 Republican National Convention, which nominated Ronald Reagan for president. Larry’s father, Jack, was an engineer who once built Minuteman missile silos in South Dakota (where Lessig was born in 1961), and who later bought a steelfabrication company in Williamsport, Pennsylvania.~{ Wikipedia entry, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lessig; Levy, “Lawrence Lessig’s Supreme Showdown.” }~
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-741-={Lessig, Lawrence:background of+4}
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-1227-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:1228:“It was never really clear to me what was going to happen after we launched the licenses,” recalled Glenn Otis Brown. “Would our work be done?” The intense push to craft the licenses and release them now over, Brown and his colleagues were only too happy to ease up in their work. (Van Houweling had left in 2002 to teach law; she is now at the University of California at Berkeley.) Despite his enthusiasm for the licenses, Brown had his private doubts about their future success. “To be honest, I was pretty scared,” he said. “I was worried they were going to go nowhere, and that I was going to be blamed for that.”~{ Interview with Glenn Otis Brown, August 10, 2006. }~
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-1229-={Brown, Glenn Otis:CC licensing, and+1;Van Houweling, Molly Shaffer;Creative Commons (CC) licenses:evolution of+10}
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-1384-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:1385:The Web 2.0 environment was quite hospitable for the spread of the CC licenses. It enabled people to signal their willingness to share and their enthusiasm for cool niche fare as opposed to massaudience kitsch.Members of online communities could confidently share their work on wikis and collaborative Web sites, knowing that no one could appropriate their content and take it private. Socially, the licenses let people announce their social identity to others and build a countercultural ethos of sharing. The ethos became hipper and more attractive with every new antipiracy measure that Centralized Media instigated.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-1386-={Web 2.0:CC licenses, and;Creative Commons (CC) licenses:Web 2.0 environment, and}
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-1938-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:1939:Although most international commoners seem to be culturally progressive and politically engaged, they cannot be situated along a left-right ideological spectrum. This is because commoners tend to be more pragmatic and improvisational than ideological. They are focused on building specific projects to facilitate sharing and creativity, based on open-source principles. Their enthusiasm is for cool software, effective legal interventions, and activist innovations, not sectarian debate.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-1940-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-2110-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:2111:A more penetrating brand of criticism has come from the South, which fears that the West’s newfound enthusiasm for the commons may not necessarily benefit the people of developing nations; indeed, it could simply legitimate new thefts of their shared resources. In an important 2004 law review article, “The Romance of the Public Domain,” law professors Anupam Chander and Madhavi Sunder argue that “public domain advocates seem to accept that because a resource is open to all by force of law, that resource will indeed be exploited by all. In practice, however, differing circumstances — including knowledge, wealth, power and ability — render some better able than others to exploit a commons. We describe this popular scholarly conception of the commons as ‘romantic.’ . . . It is celebratory, even euphoric, about the emancipatory potential of the commons. But it is also naïve, idealistic and removed from reality.”~{ Anupam Chander and Madhavi Sunder, “The Romance of the Public Domain,” California Law Review 92, no. 1131 (2004), p. 1341. }~
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/generic/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-2112-={Chander, Anupam+2;Sunder, Madhavi+2;free culture:international+2;public domain+3:commons, and+3}
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/don_quixote.miguel_de_cervantes.sst-1177-argues a total misconception of its drift. It would be so if its moral
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/don_quixote.miguel_de_cervantes.sst:1178:were that, in this world, true enthusiasm naturally leads to ridicule and
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/don_quixote.miguel_de_cervantes.sst-1179-discomfiture. But it preaches nothing of the sort; its moral, so far as
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/don_quixote.miguel_de_cervantes.sst:1180:it can be said to have one, is that the spurious enthusiasm that is born
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/don_quixote.miguel_de_cervantes.sst-1181-of vanity and self-conceit, that is made an end in itself, not a means to
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/don_quixote.miguel_de_cervantes.sst-1190-of a more judicial cast it will be a matter of regret that reckless
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/don_quixote.miguel_de_cervantes.sst:1191:self-sufficient enthusiasm is not oftener requited in some such way for
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/don_quixote.miguel_de_cervantes.sst-1192-all the mischief it does in the world.
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/don_quixote.miguel_de_cervantes.sst-14755-arm to take the life of a gallant gentleman; and that, when he knows not
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/don_quixote.miguel_de_cervantes.sst:14756:how or whence, in the height of the ardour and enthusiasm that fire and
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/don_quixote.miguel_de_cervantes.sst-14757-animate brave hearts, there should come some random bullet, discharged
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/don_quixote.miguel_de_cervantes.sst-35438-Claudia wrung his hands, and her own heart was so wrung that she lay
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/don_quixote.miguel_de_cervantes.sst:35439:fainting on the bleeding breast of Don Vicente, whom a death spasm seized
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/don_quixote.miguel_de_cervantes.sst-35440-the same instant. Roque was in perplexity and knew not what to do; the
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst-4780-nearest my heart. I mean young Nicholas Rostov, who with his
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst:4781:enthusiasm could not bear to remain inactive and has left the
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst-4782-university to join the army. I will confess to you, dear Mary, that in
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst-26311-that, young Rostov took no further part in any business affairs, but
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst:26312:devoted himself with passionate enthusiasm to what was to him a new
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst-26313-pursuit- the chase- for which his father kept a large establishment.
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst-28916-At the beginning of winter Prince Nicholas Bolkonski and his
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst:28917:daughter moved to Moscow. At that time enthusiasm for the Emperor
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst-28918-Alexander's regime had weakened and a patriotic and anti-French
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst-34244-in his opinion, the sole cause of the whole disaster, and with
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst:34245:characteristically gleeful sarcasm he would remark, "There, I said the
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst-34246-whole affair would go to the devil!" Pfuel was one of those
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst-34395-felt, that his fall was at hand. And despite his self-confidence and
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst:34396:grumpy German sarcasm he was pitiable, with his hair smoothly
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst-34397-brushed on the temples and sticking up in tufts behind. Though he
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst-34576-the story and not only said nothing to encourage Zdrzhinski's
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst:34577:enthusiasm but, on the contrary, looked like a man ashamed of what
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst-34578-he was hearing, though with no intention of contradicting it. Since
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst-36104-see for the tears of joy that filled his eyes, concentrated all his
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst:36105:enthusiasm on him- though it happened not to be the Emperor-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst-36106-frantically shouted "Hurrah!" and resolved that tomorrow, come what
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst-36280-honor of knowing, I suppose that the nobility have been summoned not
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst:36281:merely to express their sympathy and enthusiasm but also to consider
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst-36282-the means by which we can assist our Fatherland! I imagine," he went
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst-36750-and the same for their language which I cannot support to hear
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst:36751:spoken.... We in Moscow are elated by enthusiasm for our adored
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst-36752-Emperor.
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst-37844-Anna Pavlovna's circle on the contrary was enraptured by this
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst:37845:enthusiasm and spoke of it as Plutarch speaks of the deeds of the
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst-37846-ancients. Prince Vasili, who still occupied his former important
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst-37870-"It's all this mania for opposition," he went on. "And who for? It
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst:37871:is all because we want to ape the foolish enthusiasm of those
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst-37872-Muscovites," Prince Vasili continued, forgetting for a moment that
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst-41927-These dispositions, of which the French historians write with
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst:41928:enthusiasm and other historians with profound respect, were as
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst-41929-follows:
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst-43761-and which he was unable to arrest. A personal, human feeling for a
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst:43762:brief moment got the better of the artificial phantasm of life he
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst-43763-had served so long. He felt in his own person the sufferings and death
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst-48773-looking at the officer's handsome, self-satisfied face, and noting the
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst:48774:eager enthusiasm with which he spoke of women. Though all Ramballe's
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst-48775-love stories had the sensual character which Frenchmen regard as the
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst-54044-Yet subsequently, and for the rest of his life, he thought and spoke
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst:54045:with enthusiasm of that month of captivity, of those irrecoverable,
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/war_and_peace.leo_tolstoy.sst-54046-strong, joyful sensations, and chiefly of the complete peace of mind
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/gullivers_travels.jonathan_swift.sst-685-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/gullivers_travels.jonathan_swift.sst:686:At the centre of the island there is a chasm about fifty yards in diameter, whence the astronomers descend into a large dome, which is therefore called flandona gagnole, or the astronomer's cave, situated at the depth of a hundred yards beneath the upper surface of the adamant. In this cave are twenty lamps continually burning, which, from the reflection of the adamant, cast a strong light into every part. The place is stored with great variety of sextants, quadrants, telescopes, astrolabes, and other astronomical instruments. But the greatest curiosity, upon which the fate of the island depends, is a loadstone of a prodigious size, in shape resembling a weaver's shuttle. It is in length six yards, and in the thickest part at least three yards over. This magnet is sustained by a very strong axle of adamant passing through its middle, upon which it plays, and is poised so exactly that the weakest hand can turn it. It is hooped round with a hollow cylinder of adamant, four feet yards in diameter, placed horizontally, and supported by eight adamantine feet, each six yards high. In the middle of the concave side, there is a groove twelve inches deep, in which the extremities of the axle are lodged, and turned round as there is occasion.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/minimal/gullivers_travels.jonathan_swift.sst-687-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-745-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/accelerando.charles_stross.sst:746:"What you -" He stops dead, baffled, the mad flow of his enthusiasm running up
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-747-against the coffer dam of her certainty. "Why? I mean, why? Why on earth should
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-1266-She taps him on the chest. "It's all about property rights." She pauses for a
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/accelerando.charles_stross.sst:1267:moment's thought: There's a huge ideological chasm to bridge, after all. "You
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-1268-finally convinced me about this agalmic thing of yours, this giving everything
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-4181-the cumbersome farm ship round to orient on the Barney rock. She damps her
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/accelerando.charles_stross.sst:4182:enthusiasm self-consciously, her implants hungrily sequestrating surplus
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-4183-neurotransmitter molecules floating around her synapses before reuptake sets
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-8258-across her coffee glass, trying to cool the contents. "I'm dead," she explains,
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/accelerando.charles_stross.sst:8259:with an undertone of knowing sarcasm in her voice. "Remember? I just got here.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-8260-A thousand seconds ago, subjective time, I was in the control node of a
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-12564-intermittently dysfunctional family, the elderly stars around whom his planet
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/accelerando.charles_stross.sst:12565:whizzes in chaotic trajectories of enthusiasm and distaste.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/accelerando.charles_stross.sst-12566-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/content.cory_doctorow.sst-482-Fibonacci Nautilus Taylor Doctorow - you see what I mean about paternal
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/content.cory_doctorow.sst:483:enthusiasm - has reached Cory's age of truly advanced adolescence, the world
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/content.cory_doctorow.sst-484-will have recognized that there are better ways to regulate the economy of mind
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/democratizing_innovation.eric_von_hippel.sst-163-World Cup and discovered jumping, which was new to him, although Mike Horgan
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/democratizing_innovation.eric_von_hippel.sst:164:and I were jumping in 1974 and 1975. There was a new enthusiasm for jumping and
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/democratizing_innovation.eric_von_hippel.sst-165-we were all trying to outdo each other by jumping higher and higher. The
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst-7612-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst:7613:"Go on," she said. "Sounds like a great opportunity." The sarcasm in her voice
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst-7614-was unmistakable.
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst-15609-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst:15610:"Brilliant," Ashok said, trying to force some enthusiasm into his voice, while
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst-15611-inside he was quavering at the thought of Mala in the hands of Bannerjee.
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst-15890-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst:15891:"Oh, this is /{all}/ being recorded." There was the sarcasm he'd been waiting
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/for_the_win.cory_doctorow.sst-15892-for. He was getting under his skin. Right.
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/free_for_all.peter_wayner.sst-1180-money. I just assumed that other free software projects would fall into the
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/free_for_all.peter_wayner.sst:1181:same chasm of lack of funding.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/free_for_all.peter_wayner.sst-1182-
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/gullivers_travels.jonathan_swift.sst-4633-
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/gullivers_travels.jonathan_swift.sst:4634:At the centre of the island there is a chasm about fifty yards in diameter,
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/gullivers_travels.jonathan_swift.sst-4635-whence the astronomers descend into a large dome, which is therefore called
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/the_public_domain.james_boyle.sst-3611-Intellectual property was something quite different. It was occasionally
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/the_public_domain.james_boyle.sst:3612:covered in the business pages with the same enthusiasm devoted to changes in
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/the_public_domain.james_boyle.sst-3613-derivatives rules. Presented with the proposals in the Green and White Papers,
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/the_public_domain.james_boyle.sst-9507-Week (December 13, 1999), 1.}~ Its adoption on the “enterprise level” is
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/the_public_domain.james_boyle.sst:9508:impressive, as is the number and enthusiasm of the various technical testaments
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/the_public_domain.james_boyle.sst-9509-to its strengths. You have almost certainly used open source software or been
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst-11024-opinion in /{Reno v. ACLU}/, as a time of naïve optimism about the Internet,
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst:11025:expressing in political optimism the same enthusiasm that drove the stock
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst-11026-market bubble, with the same degree of justifiability. An ideal liberal public
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst-11208-more acute. While the digital divide critique can therefore temper our
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst:11209:enthusiasm for how radical the change represented by the networked information
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst-11210-economy may be in terms of democracy, the networked information economy is
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst-15832-saw was that in agricultural research, ,{[pg 339]}, innovation was incremental.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst:15833:It relies on access to existing germplasm and crop varieties that, with each
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/the_wealth_of_networks.yochai_benkler.sst-15834-generation of innovation, brought with them an ever-increasing set of
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-3201-of various nations, the laity, the rebel adepts like Luther and Calvin, as well
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:3202:as models of sectarianism, iconoclasm ("In the beginning was the Command
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-3203-Line"), politicoreligious power, and arcane theological argumentation.~{
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-5312-proselytism and evangelism (and the usable pasts of protestant reformations,
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:5313:singularities, rebellion and iconoclasm are often salient here), whether for
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-5314-the reform of intellectual-property law or for the adoption of Linux in the
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-5647-Likewise, computer scientists shared mathematical descriptions of algorithms
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:5648:and ideas for automation with as much enthusiasm as corporations jealously
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-5649-guarded theirs, but this sharing, or secrecy, did not extend to the sharing of
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-7630-movement is building on this stable foundation and is creating a resurgence of
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:7631:enthusiasm for the UNIX philosophy. In many ways Open Source can be seen as the
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-7632-true delivery of Open Systems that will ensure it continues to go from strength
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-11669-Meanwhile, our co-organizer Laurie Racine, has somehow convinced herself that I
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:11670:have the childlike enthusiasm necessary to channel Rich. I’m flattered, but
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-11671-unconvinced. After about twenty minutes, so is she, and as I try to answer a
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-12478-his keen interest in intellectual-property law, and his long-standing love of
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:12479:music of all kinds Glenn lent incredible enthusiasm to his work. Prior to
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-12480-joining Creative Commons, he had ,{[pg 265]}, clerked for the Hon. Stanley
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-13240-understood as goals or as having simple solutions. There is a certain immodest,
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst:13241:perhaps even reckless, enthusiasm surrounding these implications, an enthusiasm
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/two_bits.christopher_kelty.sst-13242-that can take both polymath and transhumanist forms. For instance, the
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-236-software, open-access publishing, remix music, or countless others — they tend
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:237:to see themselves as part of a larger movement. They share an enthusiasm for
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-238-innovation and change that burbles up from the bottom, and are known to roll
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-3400-his roots. Raised by culturally conservative, rock-ribbed Republican parents in
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:3401:central Pennsylvania, Lessig was a bright kid with a deep enthusiasm for
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-3402-politics. “I grew up a right-wing lunatic Republican,” Lessig told journalist
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-5657-to teach law; she is now at the University of California at Berkeley.) Despite
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:5658:his enthusiasm for the licenses, Brown had his private doubts about their
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-5659-future success. “To be honest, I was pretty scared,” he said. “I was worried
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-6411-The Web 2.0 environment was quite hospitable for the spread of the CC licenses.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:6412:It enabled people to signal their willingness to share and their enthusiasm for
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-6413-cool niche fare as opposed to massaudience kitsch.Members of online communities
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-9262-projects to facilitate sharing and creativity, based on open-source principles.
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:9263:Their enthusiasm is for cool software, effective legal interventions, and
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-9264-activist innovations, not sectarian debate.
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sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-10042-A more penetrating brand of criticism has come from the South, which fears that
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst:10043:the West’s newfound enthusiasm for the commons may not necessarily benefit the
sisu-markup-samples-7.1.3/data/samples/wrapped/en/viral_spiral.david_bollier.sst-10044-people of developing nations; indeed, it could simply legitimate new thefts of